| Influence of Post-Processing on the Properties of Multi-Material Parts Obtained by Material Projection AM. |
| Microstructure–Hardness–Corrosion Performance of 17–4 Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Processed by Selective Laser Melting in Comparison with Commercial Alloy |
| Influence of 17-4PH stainless steel powder recycling in properties of SLM additive manufactured parts |
| Proposal of design rules for improving the accuracy of selective laser melting (SLM) manufacturing using benchmarks parts |
| Precipitation hardening stainless steel samples processed by additive manufacturing: Process parameters and thermo mechanical treatments effects on microstructure and corrosion resistance |
| Novel post-processing procedure to enhance casting molds manufactured by binder jetting AM |
| Impact of the laser scanning strategy on the quality of 17-4PH stainless steel parts manufactured by selective laser melting. |
| Laser line scanner aptitude for the measurement of Selective Laser Melting parts |
| Laser Defocusing Effect on the Microstructure and Defects of 17-4PH Parts Additively Manufactured by SLM at a Low Energy Input. |
| Comparative Study on Microstructure and Corrosion Resistance of Al-Si Alloy Cast from Sand Mold and Binder Jetting Mold |
| Process for the improvement of the properties of plaster formed parts |
| Analysis of Modern Optical Inspection Systems for Parts Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting. |
| Application of Vacuum Techniques in Shell Moulds Produced by Additive Manufacturing. |
| Characterisation of 17-4PH metallicpowder recycling to optimise the performance of the selective laser melting process. |
| Feasibility of Calcium Sulfate Moulds Made by Inkjet 3D Printing for Rapid Casting ofAluminium Alloys. |
| Heat treatments for improved quality binder jetted molds for casting aluminum alloys. |
| Towards Functional Parts by Binder Jetting Calcium-Sulphate with Thermal Treatment Post-Processing |
| Metrological evaluation of laser scannerintegrated with measuring arm using optical feature-based gauge. |
| Modelling of Information for Additive Manufacture (AP242) and Comparative with OtherExisting Models. |
| Comparative Study of Aluminum Alloy Casting obtained by Sand Casting Method andAdditive Manufacturing Technology. |
| Knowledge base model for automatic probe orientation and configuration planning with CMMs |
| New procedure for qualification of Structured Light 3D scanners using an optical feature-based gauge. |
| Behaviour of infiltrating materials on Calcium Sulphate hemihydrate parts made by 3D printing |
| Metrological evaluation of structured light 3D scanning system with an optical feature-based gauge. |
| TCM system in contour milling of very thick-very large steel platesbased on vibration and AE signals. |
| Frame for Automatizing Inspection Planning Strategies in Coordinate Metrology: Macro Plan Case |
| Nozzle Design for Combined Use of MQL and Cryogenic Gas in Machining. |
| A cryo lubri-coolant approach for finish milling of aeronautical hard-to-cut materials. |
| Cryogenic and minimum quantity lubrication for an eco-efficiency turning of AISI 304 |
| Testing coordinate measuring arms with a geometric feature-based gauge: in situ field trials |
| Design of a TCM system based on vibration signal for metal turning processes |
| Cryogenic Hard Turning of ASP23 steel using Carbon Dioxide |
| aZIBO shape descriptor for monitoring tool wear in milling |
| Tool wear classification using LBP-based descriptors combined with LOSIB-based enhancers |
| Categorization of Inspection Elements in Coordinates Measurement for a KBE Implementation |
| Uncertainties on CMMs by applying a model of corrections based on a Global Metric, Monte Carlo and Neural Network methods |
| Application of cooling cryogenic technology for machining operations of high added value |
| Implementation of rules into a KBE model for improving reliability in AACMM measurement |
| Modelo de conocimiento para la planificación automática del palpado en inspección por coordenadas de piezas prismáticas |
| KBE rules oriented to resources management in coordinates inspection by contact |
| Estimation of Cutting Forces and Tool Wear Using Modified Mechanistic Models in High Performance Turning |
| Method and geometric feature gauge for calibrating and measuring qualification with articulated arm coordinate measuring machines |
| Uso de gases criogenicos para un rendimiento ECO2 del mecanizado |
| Development of a KBE model aimed at improving the accuracy with coordinate measuring arms |
| Study of Virtual Features in the Performance of Coordinate Measuring Arms. |
| AACMM Performance Test: Influence of Human Factor and Geometric Features. |
| Influence of human factor in the AACMM performance: a new evaluation methodology. |
| A new concept of feature-based gauge for coordinate measuring arm evaluation. |
| Effect of mechanical pre-treatments in the behaviour of nano-structured PVD coated tools in turning. |
| The use of virtual circles gauge for a quick verification of Portable Measuring Arms |
| Evaluation of AACMM using the virtual circles method |
| Behaviour of PVD coatings in the turning of austenitic stainless steels |
| Application of a Force Sensor to Improve the Reliability of Measurement with Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuri. Sensors |
| High-performance machining of austenitic stainless steels. Machining and machine-tools. Research and development. |
| Management of manufacturing engineering seminars in the context of new educational trends |
| Evaluation of AACMM using the virtual circles method |
| Behaviour of PVD coatings in the turning of austenitic stainless steels |
| Metodologia para el desarrollo de seminarios en Ingenieria de Fabricacion utilizando gestores de contenido de software libre |
| Real-time contact force measurement system for portable coordinate measuring arms |
| Behavior of austenitic stainless steels at high speed turning using specific force coefficients |
| A new improved Laws-based descriptor for surface roughness evaluation |
| Reliability of monitoring signals for estimation of surface roughness in metallic turned parts |
| A mechanistic model for high speed turning of austenitic stainless steel |
| A evaluation of surface roughness classes by computer vision using wavelet transform in the frequency domain |
| The influence of cutting speed in austenitic stainless steel machining: Study of specific force coefficients |
| Surface roughness prediction from combination of cutting forces, turning vibrations and machining conditions using artificial neural networks |
| Methodology for identifying and representing knowledge in the scope of CMM inspection resource selection. |
| Evaluation of influence parameters on measurement reliability of coordinated measuring arms. |
| Surface roughness prediction from combination of cutting forces, turning vibrations and machining conditions using artificial neural networks |
| Methodology for identifying and representing knowledge in the scope of CMM inspection resource selection |
| The influence of cutting speed in austenitic stainless steel machining: study of specific force coefficients |
| Evaluation of influence parameters in the reliability of the measuring with Coordinated Measuring Arms |
| Material surface characterization using laws descriptors |
| Framework for an integrated ontology definition in the scope of CMM inspection planning using CBR |
| Tools for teaching-learning of Manufacturing Engineering using content management platforms |
| Effect of very high cutting speeds on shearing, cutting forces and roughness in dry turning of austenitic stainless steels |
| A new process-based ontology for KBE system implementation: application to inspection process planning |
| Surface finish control in machining processes using Haralick descriptors and neural networks |
| Implementation of decision rules for CMM sampling in a KBE system |
| Surface roughness classification in metallic parts using Haralick descriptors and quadratic discriminat analysis |
| Comparative synthesis between STEP and MOKA methodologies and new proposal for the scope of manufacturing and inspection processes |
| Surface Finish Control in Machining Processes using Haralick Descriptors and Neuronal Networks |
| Methodology for comparison of laser digitizing versus contact systems in dimensional control |
| Conceptual principles and ontology for a KBE implementation in inspection planning |
| Analysis of laser scanning and strategies for dimensional and geometrical control |
| Comparison between non contact and contact scanning systems for dimensonal control |
| High level diagrams for identification of knowledge as a basis for a KBE implementation of inspection planning process |
| Application of textural descriptors for the evaluation of surface roughness class in the machining of metals |
| Qualitative surface roughness evaluation using Haralick features and wavelet transform |
| MOKA ontology variant to apply to the inspection planning process in a KBE system |
| Classification and correlation of surface roughness in metallic parts using texture descriptors |
| Use of contour signatures and classi cation methods to optimize the tool life in metal machining |
| Testing the capabilities of the three-spheres alignment method for laser triangulation sensors |
| Tool wear classification using shape signatures from digital images and neural networks |
| Surface finish control in machining processes using textural descriptors based on moments |
| Use of descriptors based on moments from digital images for tool wear monitoring |
| Computer vision and classification techniques on the surface finish control in machining processes |
| Operator and analyst interfaces for monitoring of wear in tool inserts |
| Modelo para la integracion de informacion via Web procedente de aplicaciones SPC |
| Automatic segmentation of the wear region in cutting tools |
| On-line tool wear monitoring using geometric descriptors from digital images |
| Design of a Computer Vision System to Estimate Tool Wearing |
| Modelo de informacion basado en STEP para la integracion de sistemas automatizados de inspeccion |
| Modelo para el intercambio de informacion en la inspeccion automatica de piezas |
| Ingenieria concurrente en el diseno de moldes de inyeccion |
| Desarrollo de un entorno de informacion para la integracion de la inspeccion dimensional |
| Validacion de un modelo de informacion para la integracion de la inspeccion con maquinas de medir por coordenadas en el ciclo de produccion |
| Automatizacion e integracion de la inspeccion dimensional con maquinas de medir por coordenadas en el proceso productivo |
| Modelling inspection planning systems to support concurrent engineering |
| Architecture for validation of a CMM inspection information model in concurrent engineering |
| Monitorizacion del desgaste de plaquitas de corte usando vision artificial |
| Las herramientas de la gestion de la calidad integradas a traves de la ingenieria simultanea |
| Information model validation for the integration of inspection |
| Automatizacion e Integracion de la Inspeccion Dimensional con Maquinas de Medir por Coordenadas |
| Information model for the integration of the inspect. activity in a concurrent engineering framework |
| Functional model for the development of an inspection integration framework |
| Desarrollo de un entorno de informacion para la integracion de la inspeccion dimensional en el ciclo de produccion |
| Validation of an information model for inspection with CMM |
| Tool insert wear classification using statistical descriptors and neural networks |
| Authors: | |||
| Journal: | Metals and Materials International | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Springer | Date: | |
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s12540-021-01155-8 | ||
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta; Sara Giganto; Braulio J. Álvarez; Joaquín Barreiro; Susana Martinez-Pellitero; Víctor Meana. | ||
| Journal: | Optics and Lasers in Engineering | Pages: | 1 - 13 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 2021 |
| Authors: | Paola Leo; Marcello Cabibbo; Antonio Del Prete; Sara Giganto; Susana Martínez-Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro | ||
| Journal: | Metals | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | MDPI | Date: | 03/04/2021 |
| DOI: | /10.3390/met11040588 | ||
| Authors: | María de los Ángeles Castro Sastre; Cristina García Cabezón; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Fernando Martín Pedrosa; Joaquín Barreiro García | ||
| Journal: | Metals | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 08/09/2021 | |
| DOI: | 10.3390/met11091421 | ||
| Authors: | Sara Giganto; Susana Martínez-Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro; Pablo Zapico | ||
| Journal: | Materials Research and Technology | Pages: | 1647 - 1658 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 01/2022 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.12.089 | ||
| Authors: | Sara Giganto; Susana Martínez-Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta; Pablo Zapico; Joaquín Barreiro | ||
| Journal: | Rapid Prototyping Journal | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Emerald | Date: | 31/01/2022 |
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-06-2021-0130 | ||
| Authors: | Paola Leo; Riccardo Nobile; Joaquín Barreiro; Sonia Bagheri; Claudio Mele. | ||
| Journal: | Optics and Laser Technology | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 11/08/2022 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108547 | ||
| Authors: | Pablo Rodríguez González; Pablo Zapico García; Pablo E. Robles Valero; Joaquín Barreiro García | ||
| Journal: | Additive Manufacturing | Pages: | 59 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 10/09/2022 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.addma.2022.103142 | ||
| Authors: | Sara Giganto; Susana Martínez-Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro; Paola Leo; M.Ángeles Castro-Sastre | ||
| Journal: | Material Research and Technology | Pages: | pp. 2734 - 2747 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 01/10/2022. |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.08.040 | ||
| Authors: | Zapico; Rodríguez-González; Robles-Valero; Fernández-Abia; Barreiro. | ||
| Journal: | Polymers | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 27/04/2023 | |
| DOI: | 10.3390/polym15092089 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Pablo Rodríguez González; Pablo Eduardo Robles Valero; Pablo Rodríguez González; Pablo Zapico García; M. Ángeles Castro Sastre; Ana Isabelq Fernández Abia | ||
| Journal: | Pages: | ||
| Editorial: | Date: | 02/07/2020 | |
| Authors: | Sara Giganto; Susana Martínez; Eduardo Cuesta; Víctor M. Meana; Joaquín Barreiro. | ||
| Abstract: | Metal additive manufacturing (AM) allows obtaining functional parts with the possibility of optimizing them topologically without affecting system performance. This is of great interest for sectors such as aerospace, automotive, and medical–surgical. However, from a metrological point of view, the high requirements applied in these sectors constitute a challenge for inspecting these types of parts. Non-contact inspection has gained great relevance due to the rapid verification of AM parts. Optical measurement systems (OMSs) are being increasingly adopted for geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) verification within the context of Industry 4.0. In this paper, the suitability (advantages and limitations) of five different OMSs (based on laser triangulation, conoscopic holography, and structured light techniques) for GD&T verification of parts manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) is analyzed. For this purpose, a specific testing part was designed and SLM-manufactured in 17-4PH stainless steel. Once the part was measured by contact (obtaining the reference GD&T values), it was optically measured. The scanning results allow comparing the OMSs in terms of their inspection speed as well as dimensional and geometrical accuracy. As a result, two portable systems (handheld laser triangulation and structured blue-light scanners) were identified as the most accurate optical techniques for scanning SLM parts. | ||
| Journal: | Sensors. 20 - 3202. MDPI,2020. | Pages: | 1 - 18. |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2020 | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113202 | ||
| Authors: | Pablo Rodríguez González; Pablo Robles Valero; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; M. Ángeles Castro Sastre; JoaquínBarreiro García. | ||
| Abstract: | This research shows the feasibility of the additive manufacturing technique (AM), Binder Jetting (BJ), for the production of shell moulds, which are filled by vacuum suction in the field of aluminium parts production. In addition, this study compares the gravity pouring technique and highlights the advantages of using vacuum techniques in AM moulds. A numerical simulation was carried out to study the behaviour of the liquid metal inside the moulds and the cooling rate of parts was analysed. The results show that in the gravity-pouring mould, the velocity in the gate causes moderate turbulence with small waves. However, vacuum suction keeps the velocity constant by eliminating waves and the filling process is homogeneous. Regarding dimensional accuracy, the staircase effect on the surface of the 3D moulds was the most critical aspect. The vacuum provides very homogeneous values of roughness across the entire surface of the part. Similarly, 3D scanning of castings revealed more accurate dimensions thanks to the help of vacuum forces. Finally, the microstructure of the cross section of the moulded parts shows that the porosity decreases with the vacuum filled. In both cases, the origin of the pores corresponds to gas entrapment and shrinkage during the filling process, the binder vaporization and nucleation points creation, leading to pores by shrinkage, gas entrapment or a mixture of both. This is the first study that uses vacuum filling techniques in moulds created by BJ, demonstrating the feasibility and advantages of AM using vacuum techniques, as an alternative to traditional casting. | ||
| Journal: | Metals. 10 -1090 . MDPI, 2020. | Pages: | 1 - 20 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2020 | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.3390/met10081090 | ||
| Authors: | Pablo Zapico; Sara Giganto; Joaquín Barreiro; Susana Martínez-Pellitero. | ||
| Abstract: | The advantages of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes are well known. Particularly, those AM techniques which are used to manufacture metallic parts are of great interest to industry due to the good mechanical behaviour of metallic alloys. Despite this, the quality of the manufactured parts is still an important issue due to the wide range of parameters that can affect them. In some powder bed fusion techniques, such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM), not all the initially distributed metallic powder is used in the process. There is an unmolten portion that can be recycled to ensure both the economic and environmental viability of the process. Even though this powder is unmolten, it is thermally affected due to the high temperatures attained during the process. This fact affects the powder properties and, consequently, the properties of the manufactured parts. Therefore, an analysis of the recycling effects of SLM metallic powders is an important issue in order to establish good recycling procedures and to optimise the process performance. | ||
| Journal: | J. of Materials Research andTechnology. 9 - 2. | Pages: | 1273 - 1285 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 2020 |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.054 | ||
| Authors: | Pablo Rodríguez González; Pablo Eduardo Robles Valero; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; M. Ángeles Castro Sastre;Joaquín Barreiro García. | ||
| Abstract: | In this research, a comparative analysis has been carried out between a traditional sand casting process and a modern mould obtained by additive manufacturing (AM), in the context of aluminium parts production. In this case of AM, an inkjet 3D printing (3DP) process allowed us to create a ceramic mould. A numerical simulation was carried out to study the filling and cooling rates of both parts. The design freedom typical of the 3DP technique allowed us to optimize the filling system. The results showed that in sand moulding, the speed in the gate suddenly increased when the liquid metal entered the part cavity, leading to severe turbulence due to the fountain effect. The input of air is related to the speed in the gate. Nevertheless, the results showed that when using the 3DP mould, the speed in the gate remained constant and the filling process was homogenous. With regard to the dimensional precision, while the staircase effect in the surface of the 3DP mould is the most critical aspect to control, in the sand casting mould the critical aspect is the dimensional precision of the pattern. Microstructures of the cross-section of the moulded parts showed folded shapes and air input in sand casting, which could be produced by the severe turbulence and the oxide film present in the melt during the filling process. On the other hand, the porosity found in parts produced with the 3DP mould corresponds to shrinkage; during the filling process, the remaining binder is vaporized, creating nucleation points. In this way, pores are formed by shrinkage and a mixture of shrinkage and gas entrapment. With these considerations, it can be concluded that AM shows feasibility and advantages as an alternative to the sand casting method for aluminium alloys. | ||
| Journal: | Metals. 10 - 802. MDPI, 2020. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2020 | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060802 | ||
| Authors: | Pablo Rodríguez González; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; M. Ángeles Castro Sastre; Joaquín Barreiro García. | ||
| Abstract: | The objective of this paper was to investigate the most suitable heat treatment for casting molds manufactured by binder jetting. For this purpose, the printed molds were subjected to different heat treatments and the properties of the molds were analyzed. Tests were performed at different temperatures and times to investigate their effect on the water and volatile substances content; the joining among particles; and the porosity, roughness, and compression strength of the printed molds. Moreover, to relate the properties of the mold with the quality of the castings, aluminum alloy specimens were cast and the dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, mechanical strength, and porosity were evaluated. This research leads to the conclusion that the binder jetting process, using calcium sulfate powder, is useful for manufacturing molds for casting aluminum alloy. To improve the mold quality and, consequently, the casting quality, heat-treatment is necessary. The best mold properties were obtained at 250 °C for 1.5 h. | ||
| Journal: | Additive Manufacturing. 36 -101524. | Pages: | 1 - 11 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 2020 |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2020.101524 | ||
| Authors: | M. Ángeles Castro Sastre; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Janik Piep; Pablo Rodríguez González; Joaquín BarreiroGarcía. | ||
| Abstract: | The objective of our research is to improve the properties of calcium-sulphate hemihydrate parts printed by binder jetting. In this paper, we show the thermal treatment results when using temperature time ramps on binder-jetted ceramic parts without infiltrating. The results show that the mechanical properties of printed parts are improved substantially. Two different thermal cycles were investigated for their effect on the dehydration process of CaSO4·½H2O using infrared analysis. The thermal-treated samples were compared with respect to porosity, surface roughness, compression strength and dimensional and weight variation. The proposed thermal treatment significantly improves the compression strength in a short time, guaranteeing dimensional stability while providing a good surface. This improvement in mechanical properties offers a great chance for using binder-jetted parts as functional components, for example, in the casting field or the medical sector (scaffolds). | ||
| Journal: | MDPI | Pages: | 1 - 17 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2020 | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13173818 | ||
| Authors: | E. Cuesta; B.J. Alvarez; S. Martinez-Pellitero; J. Barreiro; H. Patiño. | ||
| Abstract: | This work deals with the searching of metrological limits with which the laser scanners mounted on coordinate measuring arms (AACMMs or CMAs) are able to evaluate dimensional and geometric tolerances (GD&T). For this purpose, a novel feature-based gauge for optical sensors is used. This gauge incorporates different types of geometrical entities, perfectly adapted for several GD&T evaluations. In addition, these entities are optically functional so that they are captured from the laser sensors mounted in AACMM. The gauge is equipped with a set of "canonical" entities of ceramic type, manufactured with high dimensional accuracy to materialize a multitude of GD&T tolerances. Regarding the metrological evaluation, the measurements obtained with the laser scanner are compared with the previously calibrated measurements of the gauge, calibration that has been performed using contact probing in a CMM. Although in this research a rather obsolete model of laser scanner is used, the methodology is totally valid for any sensor mounted in AACMM, obtaining a high range of traceable values. One issue that has received special attention is the control of variability produced by a manual scanning operation. To this end, research is approached from a twofold perspective: on one hand, an initial study to determine the best scanning strategy allowing a good coverage of each entity surface, and, on the other hand, a statistical analysis from a high number of repetitions of a complete measurement routine of the feature-based gauge. Thus, reliable dispersion values can be offered not only for different types of GD&T evaluations (form, dimensions, etc.) but also for the same GD&T evaluation over the same type of entity. Although the work proposes precision values depending on the type of GD&T being analyzed, it also proposes a novel reliable method of calculation of the probing error for a laser scanner mounted on an AACMM. | ||
| Journal: | Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 121. Elsevier, 2019 | Pages: | 120 -132. |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 07/04/2019 |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2019.04.007 | ||
| Authors: | R. Gartzia; J. Barreiro. | ||
| Abstract: | With the advent of new technologies, there has been a revolution in recent decades that is not alien to companies. Nowadays, the organization of the company is subject to a series of information and/or qualities that are convenient to organize. In order that the information of a company can be used by other collaborating companies, some standards that allow communication have been created. The ISO 10303 standard, better known as STEP, is the international standard that is fulfilling this objective of standardizing the methods that allow what is called "interoperability". Very recently, different solutions are being articulated to those proposed ones in this study, aimed at providing solutions to the same problems, such as using the model based on STEP - NC. The purpose of this research is to develop a proposal that incorporates the AP242 standard (ISO 10303) in the information model for a manufacturing technique that is growing at great speed, known as "Additive Manufacturing"; for this purpose, the feasible project methodology is used, in addition to making a comparison with other existing models. | ||
| Journal: | American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), Nº 54- 1. | Pages: | 68 - 81 |
| Editorial: | Global Society of Scientific Research and Researchers | Date: | 01/04/2019 |
| Authors: | Pablo Rodríguez González; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; M. Ángeles Castro Sastre; Pablo Robles Valero; PaolaLeo; Joaquín Barreiro. | ||
| Abstract: | In this research, a comparison between traditional sand casting technique and additive manufacturing technology with InkJet 3D Printing technique (3DP) was made, comparing the manufacturing time, cooling rate, dimensional deviation, surface quality, surface porosity and defects. In this way, feasibility and advantages of additive manufacturing was probed to be a good alternative to non-ferrous alloys sand casting. | ||
| Journal: | Procedia Manufacturing 41, Elsevier, 2019. | Pages: | 682 - 689 |
| Editorial: | Date: | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.09.058 | ||
| Authors: | Susana Martínez-Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro; Eduardo Cuesta; Ana Isabel Fernández-Abia. | ||
| Abstract: | Different support applications are available for generating programs to run inspection with Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM). However, the operator must decide the criteria and strategies to apply, so that quality of inspection depends on his knowledge and skills. Nevertheless, many of the activities involved in inspection planning are repetitive, therefore an adequate formalization of the involved knowledge makes it possible to develop applications to automate inspection and, thereby, to avoid operator errors during the decision making in planning. To this end, a knowledge base model for inspecting prismatic parts with complex surfaces has been developed. First, the required knowledge is represented in an informal model using an ontology called ONTO-Process. Later on, a formal model is generated that constitutes the basis for developing a computer application to support the automatic inspection planning. This article provides the definition and modeling of the necessary rules for one of the most complex activities to automate: determination of probe orientations in the inspection by contact of mechanical parts. | ||
| Journal: | Robotics and Computer–Integrated Manufacturing 49, Elsevier, 2018. | Pages: | 285 - 300 |
| Editorial: | Date: | ||
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2017.08.012 | ||
| Authors: | usana Martínez-Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta; Sara Giganto; Joaquín Barreiro. | ||
| Abstract: | This work evaluates the performance and operative limits to the dimensional accuracy of 3D optical scanning based on blue-light fringe projection technology. This technology, also known as structured light 3D scanning, is widely used in many reverse engineering applications. It allows the user to quickly capture and create point-clouds, by using images taken at different orientations of white-or blue-light fringe projected patterns on the part. For the survey, a large and feature-based gauge has been used with specific optical properties. The gauge is endowed with canonical geometrical features made of matt white ceramic material. The gauge was calibrated using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) by contact. Therefore, it is possible to compare the measurements obtained by the structured blue-light sensor with those obtained by the CMM, which are used as reference. In the experimentation, the influence of the scanner software in the measurement results was also analysed. Besides, different tests were carried out for the different fields of view (FOV) of the sensor. The survey offers some practical values and limits to the accuracy obtained in each configuration. | ||
| Journal: | Optics and Lasers in Engineering. pp. In press. Elsevier, 2018. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | ||
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlaseng.2018.06.002 | ||
| Authors: | M. Ángeles Castro; Pablo Rodríguez-González; Joaquín Barreiro; Ana Isabel Fernández-Abia. | ||
| Abstract: | A capillary infiltration study is presented. Three-dimensional inkjet 3D printing samples were used using calcium sulfate hemihydrate as the raw ceramic material. This manufacturing process involves some limitations such as high porosity, poor surface quality and low strength, among others. These problems can be corrected with the infiltrators used in the post-processing stage. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the effect of different infiltrating materials and to determine the improvement of some properties after infiltration. For this purpose, different physical properties (weight, roughness, infiltrating material penetration) were studied. | ||
| Journal: | Procedia Manufacturing 13. | Pages: | 848 - 855. |
| Editorial: | Date: | 01/09/2017 | |
| DOI: | doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.190 | ||
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta; J.M. Suárez-Méndez; Susana Martínez-Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro; Braulio J. Álvarez; Pablo Zapico. | ||
| Abstract: | This work evaluates the dimensional accuracy that is able to reach a commercial Structured White-Light scanning (SWL) equipment. This technology is widely used in many Reverse Engineering applications. It allows to quickly capture and create Abstract equipment. This technology is widely used in many Reverse Engineering applications. It allows to quickly capture and create pointclouds from photographs (taken from different orientations) of a fringe projection pattern. For the survey, a novel optical pointclouds from photographs (taken from different orientations) of a fringe projection pattern. For the survey, a novel optical feature-based gauge has been used. The gauge is endowed with basic geometrical features made of matt white ceramic material, Under the concept of "Industry 4.0", production processes will be pushed to be increasingly interconnected, feature-based gauge has been used. The gauge is endowed with basic geometrical features made of matt white ceramic material, and located on a Carbon Fiber Reinforce Polymer (CFRP) structure. The reference measurements of the gauge are obtained using iannfdorlomcateiodnonbasCedarboonnaFirbeearl RtieminefobrcaesiPsoalynmd,ern(eCcFesRsPa)risltyru, cmtuurec.hTmheoreferfefniceiemnte.aIsnurethmisenctsonotfetxhte, gcaupgaecaitrye obpttaiimneidzautsiionng CMM by contact, which makes possible to compare the measurements obtained by the SWL sensor with those obtained by the gCoMesMbebyocnodntahcet,twrahdiicthiomnakl easimpoossficbalepatocictoympaxreimthiezamtieoansu, rceomnetrnitbsuotbintaginaeldsobyfotrheorSgWanLizsaetniosonr’swpitrhofthitoasbeiloitbytaaineddvbayluthee. CMM. In the experimentation, two different tests were carried out: long-distance test, searching for the global capture of the IgCnaMduegMed.(,aIntletthaenmemxapxaeinmriamugmenmtraetniogtne,aotnfwdtohecdoiSfnfWetirLnen)utoatnuedstsihmworpetr-redoivsctearmnricendteosuatt,p:plloronkagic-ndhgiesfstoarnsctuhegetgemestsa,txsiemcaurpcmahcinaitgtyafionorapbtthliempgirzleoacbtiisaoiloncna.ipTntushtreasoudfrvtoehfye gauge (at the maximum range of the SWL) and short-distance test, looking for the maximum attainable precision. The survey mofafexrismsiozmateiopnra.cTtichael vsatuludeys oftchaepaacciutryacoypatfifmoridzabtiloeninaenadchccoasstein. g models is an important research topic that deserves offers some practical values of the accuracy affordable in each case. | ||
| Journal: | Procedia Manufacturing 13. | Pages: | 526-533 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 01/09/2017 | |
| DOI: | doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.078 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Ana Isabel Fernández-Abia; Adalberto González-Laguna; Octavio Pereira Neto. | ||
| Abstract: | This paper describes the design and test of a tool condition monitoring (TCM) system during a milling process with an especial king-size multiple insert tool for machining very high thickness and length steel plates. The system focuses on the study of acoustic emission and vibration signals in order to correlate both physical phenomena with tool wear condition. By combining acoustic emission signals and vibration signals, it is possible to identify the tool condition with more reliability. Each of these signals provides complementary results, in different spectral bands. The use of different statistical measurements (RMS, kurtosis and skewness) together with the analysis by frequency bands allows identifying the tool condition and the transition between wear conditions (progressive, intermediate and advanced). The design of the TCM system for signals acquisition and processing is described (instruments and strategies). This work is innovative since there is no prior information about TCM systems applied to machining processes in such severe conditions. This type of control is essential in operations where very high value parts and tools are involved, such as milling of very thick-very large steel sheets. | ||
| Journal: | Journal of Materials Processing Technology. Vol 246 | Pages: | 144-157 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 22/03/2017 | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2017.03.016 | ||
| Authors: | Susana Martínez; Joaquín Barreiro; Eduardo Cuesta; F. Raya. | ||
| Abstract: | In this paper a framework is presented for helping to automate the task of inspection planning using coordinate measuring machines. Nowadays, a detailed plan still depends on decisions taken by the operator on the fly and, therefore, results of inspection will depend on his knowledge and skills. Consequently, there is a clear need for additional effort in development of computer aided inspection applications. This paper presents a framework for developing such type of applications. This framework is developed around a main concept: classification of inspection elements as a function of tolerances and accuracy/technology of the equipment to use for inspection. This classification allows defining later on some criteria for strategies needed in the plan development in order to adjust it to criteria of accuracy, time and cost. The framework includes the development of an informal model of knowledge (implicit) based on onto-process ontology and a subsequent formal model in UML (explicit) for helping to implement in a KBE application. Knowledge tools have been used for this task, such as conceptual maps, functional diagrams, flow charts and others. https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=62757 | ||
| Journal: | Journal of Manufacturing Technology Research. Volume 8. Nº3-4 (2016) | Pages: | 99 -114 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 01/02/2017 | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 19438095 | ||
| Authors: | ctavio Pereira Neto; Adrián Rodríguez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle Marcaide. | ||
| Abstract: | Nowadays, the need for not only technically but also environmentally efficient machining processes is increasing. In this context, the reduction of oil emulsion type coolants used during machining of aeronautical engine components supposes a great challenge. In this paper, a novel approach based on the design, optimization and validation of a nozzle adaptor combining cryogenic technology and minimum quantity lubrication systems is proposed. The proposed work also deals with the aim of obtaining a cost-effective process. Thus, CO2 flow and velocity was optimized in this line. Theoretically-based analysis were performed and compared with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and with real experimental tests as well. Once optimizing these key factors, two nozzle adaptors were designed and simulated by CFD. Different geometries were tested looking for the most efficient design. Finally, to obtain a feasible industrial product, the developed nozzle was tested as a CryoMQL demonstrator comparing with other lubricoolant techniques during milling Inconel 718. Results show a successful balance between technical and environmental issues using this technology when milling aeronautical alloys. | ||
| Journal: | NTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRECISION ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURING-GREEN TECHNOLOGY Volume 4 - Issue1 | Pages: | 87 - 95 |
| Editorial: | Date: | ||
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s40684-017-0012-3 | ||
| Authors: | Octavio Pereira; Adrián Rodríguez; Izaro Ayesta; Joaquín Barreiro; Ana Isabel Fernández-Abia; Luis Norbeto López de Lacalle | ||
| Abstract: | Use of heat-resistant alloys is growing worldwide in aeronautical turbo-machinery industry. One of the most used materials is Inconel 718. This material is featured by high resistance to corrosion and oxidation while keeping good mechanical properties at high temperature. However, low machinability of this material results in poor material removal rates and premature tool wear, among other drawbacks. Consequently, mineral cutting fluids are injected in the cutting zone in order to improve machining. However, today’s environmental consciousness leads us to propose the cryoMQL technology as an ecological alternative. In order to achieve better results when milling Inconel 718, a CO2 cryogenic regulation system and a nozzle adaptor have been developed to use cryoMQL and a comparative analysis is performed with regard to other coolant alternatives. | ||
| Journal: | Int. J. Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems. 9 - 4, pp. 370 - 384 | Pages: | 370 - 384 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 01/11/2016 | |
| Impact: | SCOPUS (SJR), 0,16 (H7) - Q3 | ||
| DOI: | DOI: 10.1504/IJMMS.2016.10003805 | ||
| Authors: | Octavio Pereira Neto; Asier Rodríguez; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle Marcaide | ||
| Abstract: | In recent years, the need for more efficient machining processes has notably increased, both in terms of productivity and eco-efficiency. In this paper, the use of combined techniques based on cryogenic cooling and minimum quantity of lubrication is proposed and compared with other near-to-dry coolant alternatives. To evaluate the success of the proposed technique, technical feasibility on the one hand and ecological footprint on the other should be analyzed. Results show that this combined solution implies a tool life improvement (more than 50%) and the possibility of increasing the cutting speed (more than 30%) comparing with dry machining. Moreover, cutting forces and surface integrity are maintained or even improved in comparison with conventional techniques. From an ecological point of view, a life cycle assessment was performed providing a comparison of the different alternatives proposed. Results show that the combination of cryogenic and minimum quantity of lubrication techniques is the key to success, reaching a balance between technical and environmental issues. Stand-alone systems (no combined ones) do not provide a complete solution. Cooling without lubrication or vice versa is not enough when machining these materials. | ||
| Journal: | Journal of Cleaner Production. 139 | Pages: | 440-449 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 08/07/2016 | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.030 | ||
| Authors: | A. González-Laguna, J. Barreiro, A. Fernández-Abia, E. Alegre,Víctor González-Castro | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents a study about the identification of cutting tool wear state by means of vibration signal analysis in steel dry turning operations. Analyzing the RMS value evolution and FFT frequency spectra of signal an on-line tool condition monitoring system is developed. The main purpose is to determine the instant from which tool condition is considered unacceptable affecting machining process quality. After the analysis was carried out, the main conclusion is that both the RMS and frequency amplitude ranges of certain spectrum bands are related to tool wear. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 6th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | O. Pereira, A. Rodríguez, A. Fernández-Valdivielso, J. Barreiro, A. Fernández-Abia, LN. López de Lacalle | ||
| Abstract: | Due to rising worldwide industrial competitiveness the machining sector is compelled to improve day by day. In this way, CO2 cryogenic machining is presented as alternative to conventional hard turning. So, in the tests carried out in this research, dry and CO2 cryogenic hard turning with two types of inserts were compared. The variables measured were tool life, superficial roughness and the piece microstructure. The results show an increase of tool life over 60%, a similar superficial roughness and, when positive insert is used, the absence of the white layer. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 6th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference, Procedia Engineering 132 | Pages: | 489-491 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.523 | ||
| Authors: | M.T. García-Ordás, E. Alegre, V. González-Castro, O. García- Olalla, J. Barreiro, A.I. Fernández-Abia | ||
| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to estimate efficiently insert wear in metal machining and to improve tool replacement operations. Image processing and classification are used to automatize the decision making about the adequate time for tool replacement. Specifically, the shape descriptor aZIBO (absolute Zernike moments with Invariant Boundary Orientation) has been used to characterize insert wear. A dataset composed of 577 regions with different levels of wear has been created. Two different classification processes have been carried out: the first one using three different classes (Low, Medium, High wear) and the second one with just two classes: (Low, High). Classification was carried out using on the one hand kNN (K Nearest Neighbor) with five different distances and five values of k and, on the second hand, a Support Vector Machine (SVM). aZIBO performance has been compared with classical shape descriptors such as Hu and Flusser moments. It outperforms them, obtaining success rates up to 91.33% for the L-H classification and 90.12% for the L-M-H classification. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 6th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | O. García-Olalla, E. Alegre, J. Barreiro, L. Fernández-Robles, M.T. García-Ordás | ||
| Abstract: | In this paper, an automatic process to determine tool wear in machining procedures has been developed using computer vision and texture recognition techniques. Two different methods based on Local Binary Pattern (LBP) were evaluated combined with the LOSIB texture booster (Local Oriented Statistical Information Booster). The dataset used is composed by 577 images representing different wear of inserts. Two classifications were carried out: (i) a binary classification with Low-High discrimination and (ii) a ternary classification with Low-Medium-High discrimination. The results show that when combining LBP with LOSIB, all the other methods are outperformed featuring an 80.58% of accuracy in the binary classification and a 67.76% in the ternary classification. These results are very interesting for industry due to the possible savings in terms of cost and time if it is applied in a tool condition monitoring system (TCMS). | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 6th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | S. Martínez-Pellitero, J. Barreiro, E. Cuesta, F. Raya | ||
| Abstract: | A methodology for knowledge representation is outlined in coordinate metrology. The methodology includes an informal model and a subsequent formal model for implementation in a KBE application. Knowledge tools have been used for this task, such as conceptual maps, functional diagrams and others. The final aim of the research is to convert implicit knowledge into explicit knowledge, so that specifically developed software could read and manage it without operator intervention. This paper has focused in one of the first tasks of inspection planning, which has important implications on subsequent activities in the planning cycle. The classification of inspection elements as a function of tolerances and accuracy/technology of the equipment for inspection allows defining important criteria for strategies in the rest of activities, so that they are adjusted to criteria of accuracy, time and cost. In this work a series of rules is proposed to make decisions in this scope. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 6th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | F. Raya, E. Cuesta, S. Martínez-Pellitero, J. Barreiro | ||
| Abstract: | This paper is aimed at increasing knowledge about the uncertainties of measurements on CMMs by applying a model of corrections based on combining a Global Metric procedure, a Monte Carlo statistical analysis and a Neural Network method that links and commands both items. In fact, this paper analyses general criteria for using a variant of Monte Carlo method (π-Monte Carlo) not only in the propagation of uncertainties, but also as methodology using numerical simulation for collecting necessary information for such propagation. The viewpoint presented here provides a model that stands out the contributions to the uncertainty of CMM in use, making it a task-oriented calibration alternative methodology applied to CMM with special guidance to industry. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 6th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | O. Pereira, A. Rodríguez, T. Ostra, A. Rubio, J. Barreiro, A.I. Fernández-Abia, A. Rivero, L.N. López de Lacalle | ||
| Journal: | Congreso de Máquinas-Herramienta y Tecnologías de Fabricación | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | J, Barreiro, S. Martínez-Pellitero, E. Cuesta, H. Patiño and A. Telenti | ||
| Abstract: | Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMM) have several shortcomings, including the lack of reliability derived from their condition of manual measurement. This paper deals with the improvement in AACMM inspection planning to increase the reliability in the measurement. The proposed methodology is based on an innovative aspect in system integration through the production cycle: knowledge management at low level in the production. A methodology has been developed to capture the implicit knowledge to convert it in explicit in the field of inspection planning. The result is an informal model of knowledge based on Onto- Process ontology. This model contains the rules for inspection planning with AACMM. Rules have been tested on a specially developed feature-based gauge. | ||
| Journal: | International Conference on Innovative Technologies, IN‐TECH | Pages: | 46-49 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | Susana Martínez-Pellitero, Joaquín Barreiro, Eduardo Cuesta, Héctor Patiño y Ana I. Fernández-Abia | ||
| Abstract: | Para la inspección con Máquinas de Medir por Coordenadas (MMC) se cuenta con diferentes aplicaciones de apoyo a la hora de generar los programas a ejecutar, pero es el planificador el que establece los criterios y estrategias, por lo que la calidad de la inspección depende de su conocimiento y habilidades. Además, muchas de las actividades involucradas en este tipo de planificación son repetitivas, por lo que la estructuración del conocimiento implicado permitiría el desarrollo de aplicaciones para automatizar la inspección y con ello evitar los posibles errores debido al operario. Con tal fin, se ha desarrollado un Modelo de Conocimiento para la inspección de piezas con o sin superficies complejas. El conocimiento necesario se ha representado de manera informal gracias a la clasificación del mismo utilizando una ontología llamada ONTO-Process, para luego generar un Modelo Formal que sirve de base para el desarrollo de la aplicación informática. Este artículo contempla la definición y modelado de las reglas necesarias para una de las actividades más complejas para automatizar en este tipo de planificación, la determinación de las orientaciones del palpador cuando se realiza una inspección por contacto de piezas de tipo prismático. | ||
| Journal: | 12° Congreso Interamericano de Computación Aplicada a la Ingeniería de Procesos | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2015 | |
| Authors: | E. Cuesta, B. J. Alvarez, H. Patiño, A. Telenti and J. Barreiro | ||
| Abstract: | This work describes in detail the definition of a procedure for calibrating and evaluating coordinate measuring arms (AACMMs or CMAs). CMAs are portable coordinate measuring machines that have been widely accepted in industry despite their sensitivity to the skill and experience of the operator in charge of the inspection task. The procedure proposed here is based on the use of a dimensional gauge that incorporates multiple geometric features, specifically designed for evaluating the measuring technique when CMAs are used, at company facilities (workshops or laboratories) and by the usual operators who handle these devices in their daily work. After establishing the procedure and manufacturing the feature-based gauge, the research project was complemented with diverse in situ field tests performed with the collaboration of companies that use these devices in their inspection tasks. Some of the results are presented here, not only comparing different operators but also comparing different companies. The knowledge extracted from these experiments has allowed the procedure to be validated, the defects of the methodologies currently used for in situ inspections to be detected, and substantial improvements for increasing the reliability of these portable instruments to be proposed. | ||
| Journal: | Measurement Science and Technology, 27 | Pages: | 16 |
| Editorial: | IOP Publishing Ltd | Date: | 2016 |
| Impact: | JCR | ||
| DOI: | 10.1088/0957-0233/27/5/055003 | ||
| Authors: | S. Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia | ||
| Abstract: | Different proposals have been presented along last years with the purpose of automating the process of dimensional inspection planning with CMM and touch probe technology. These proposals have focused mainly to particular items such as analysis of accessibility, orientation of the part or trajectory paths among surfaces or inspection points. The main limitation of these proposals is in the use of a predefined probe configuration, although current technology allows automatic probe change for improving the inspection process. In this paper, detailed rules are explained for developing a KBE application. These rules make possible to incorporate the selection of the most appropriate configuration of sensor group with the basis of precision. | ||
| Journal: | Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 37 | Pages: | 149-163 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 2015 |
| Impact: | JCR | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jmsy.2015.07.005 | ||
| Authors: | Ana Isabel Fernández-Abia, Joaquín Barreiro García, Luis N. López de Lacalle and Octavio Pereira Neto | ||
| Abstract: | In this chapter a model for prediction of cutting forces when turning austenitic stainless steels following the approach of mechanistic models is presented. Mechanistic models, also called semi-empiric, use empiric laws based on the tool geometry and coefficients obtained by experimentation. These coefficients implicitly pick up characteristic data about part and tool materials or tool geometry. Therefore, a series of machining tests is required to calculate these coefficients for each pair tool-workpart, commonly known as characterization tests. This chapter is structured as follows. In Sect. 3.1 a model for prediction of cutting forces without considering the effect of tool wear is presented. This model allows to estimate with reasonable precision the cutting forces. This model can be used, for example, in the scope of machine-tools and fixtures design or optimization of cutting tool geometry. In Sect. 3.2 this model is extended to include the effect of tool wear. So, the model can be used in the scope of monitoring techniques. Both models were developed for turning AISI 303 austenitic stainless steels at high-speed cutting conditions. | ||
| Journal: | BOOK: Traditional Machining Processes. Research Advances. ISBN 978-3-662-45087-1 | Pages: | 49-107 |
| Editorial: | Springer. Editor P. Davim. | Date: | January 2015 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/978-3-662-45088-8 | ||
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta González; Daniel González Madruga; Miguel Sánchez Álvarez; Braulio José Álvarez Álvarez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Octavio Manuel Pereira Neto | ||
| Journal: | Patent. Spain. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 04/09/2014 | |
| DOI: | Number of patent: 2 490 940 A1 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; José Ríos Chueco; Antonio Vizán Idoipe. | ||
| Abstract: | En este artículo se presenta un modelo de información bajo el marco de STEP para el proceso de inspección automatizado con máquinas de medir por coordenadas. Este modelo permite intercambiar información del producto entre las actividades de diseño, fabricación, montaje, mantenimiento, etc., con la de inspección, permitiendo eliminar los actuales formatos de intercambio de información en el área de inspección, tales como DMIS, NDF, DEAPL, etc., Estos formatos están orientados exclusivamente a la inspección y, por lo tanto, dificultan e impiden la completa integración de dicha actividad con el resto de las actividades del ciclo de vida del producto. | ||
| Journal: | VI Congreso Nacional de la AER-ATP. Barcelona (Spain) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 01-03/10/1999 |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro; Julio E. Labarga; José Ríos; Antonio Vizán | ||
| Abstract: | La cada vez mayor implantación de los sistemas asistidos por computador en las áreas de Diseño, Planificación y Fabricación y su utilización en entornos de Ingeniería Concurrente hace que la integración de dichos sistemas sea un factor clave para un aprovechamiento eficiente de los mismos. Sin embargo, el desigual desarrollo de los distintos sistemas , el distinto tipo de información que emplean y la falta de un compromiso real por parte de las empresas desarrolladoras a hacer sus aplicaciones abiertas hace que dicha integración sea un problema importante actualmente . En general, el enlace entre diseño y fabricación funciona de manera aceptable aunque no muy eficientemente, sin embargo su continuación con la fase de inspección no está completamente desarrollada, fundamentalmente en lo que se refiere a la planificación de la inspección asistida por ordenador. Uno de los motivos fundamentales de este problema radica en la definición inadecuada de la información que se ha de compartir entre las diversas actividades que conforman el ciclo de vida del producto. En la actualidad existen numerosos formatos de intercambio de datos, algunos de ellos son normas internacionales y otros son normas nacionales. Así, nos encontramos con formatos orientados a diseño tales como IGES, VDA, SET; formatos orientados a fabricación, como APT, CLDATA, código ISO, etc; formatos orientados a inspección, como DEAPL, DMIS, NDF, etc. . Sin embargo, la primera norma que se empezó a desarrollar con el objetivo de permitir el intercambio de cualquier tipo de información relacionada con un producto fue la norma ISO 10303 – STEP (1994). Siguiendo las directrices establecidas en esta norma, en este artículo se presenta una propuesta de “modelo de actividades (AAM)” y de “modelo de referencia de aplicación (ARM)” para el proceso de inspección dimensional usando máquinas de medir por coordenadas. El modelo de actividades constituye la base para definir los requerimientos y estructura de la información que se va a emplear en el proceso de inspección, y que se encuentra especificada en el modelo de referencia. | ||
| Journal: | IV Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería Mecánica. Santiago de Chile. Chile. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 01/11/1999 |
| Authors: | José Ríos; Antonio Vizán; Jesús M. Pérez; Juan de Juanes Márquez; Joaquín Barreiro; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez | ||
| Abstract: | El sector de diseño y fabricación de moldes para inyección de piezas de plástico, se caracteriza entre otras cosas, por la necesidad de utilizar tecnologías avanzadas de producción como son control numérico, máquinas herramientas de 3/5 ejes, electroerosión, inspección tridimensional, sistemas CAX, prototipado rápido, etc. Al mismo tiempo, en el desarrollo de su trabajo precisa del contacto permanente con el resto de empresas que se encuentran implicadas en el proceso de producción de la pieza en sí misma, cliente, suministrador de materiales, transformador, ingenierías de producto, etc. Este contexto, resulta por tanto especialmente interesante desde el punto de vista de la aplicación de los métodos de trabajo basados en la Ingeniería Concurrente (IC). En este campo se vienen desarrollando dos proyectos, uno centrado fundamentalmente en el modelado e intercambio de información en el diseño y fabricación de moldes (financiado por la CICYT), y el proyecto IC3P (programa ATYCA financiado por el MINER), que tiene por objetivo general la aplicación de la IC en la producción de piezas de plástico, más allá de la consideración de los aspectos relacionados con el sector moldista. Uno de los aspectos claves en la aplicación de la IC es la aplicación del concepto de integración, tanto a las actividades que se realizan, como a los recursos y aplicaciones utilizados en su desarrollo. En este sentido la integración de la información que se intercambia y/o comparte entre las distintas aplicaciones asistidas por computador se convierte en un factor clave en la aplicación de métodos de trabajo basados en la IC, para lo cual se requiere de la definición de la especificación de dicha información.Como resultado de ambos proyectos, cuyo desarrollo se está realizando de forma coordinada, se está elaborado un modelo de información (utilizando la norma ISO 10303 – STEP) que define una estructura de datos que el moldista intercambia con el resto de agentes presentes en el proceso de diseño y fabricación de un molde de inyección, y adicionalmente se está desarrollando una aplicación en Java, que permite implementar la metodología de trabajo basada en IC definida en el proyecto. En el presente artículo se presentan parte de los resultados obtenidos hasta el momento tanto en lo que respecta al modelo de actividades desarrollado, como a la aplicación que actualmente se encuentra en fase de desarrollo, y que responde a la arquitectura definida para facilitar el trabajo colaborativo al tiempo que utiliza el modelo de información elaborado para definir su estructura de datos interna. | ||
| Journal: | IV Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería Mecánica. Santiago de Chile. Chile. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 01/11/1999 |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; José Ríos Chueco; Antonio Vizán Idoipe | ||
| Abstract: | Este artículo presenta un protocolo de información cuyo objetivo es permitir la integración del proceso de inspección dimensional en el ciclo de producción, en lo que respecta a la información que se intercambia o comparte. Para la obtención del protocolo se han desarrollado tres modelos. El primero de ellos es un modelo funcional o de actividades que, de acuerdo con una estructura jerárquica según la metodología IDEF0, permite identificar la información implicada en el proceso. A partir de este Modelo de Actividades se ha desarrollado un Modelo de Referencia en lenguaje EXPRESS, que satisface los requerimientos de información definidos en el modelo funcional. Finalmente, haciendo uso del Modelo de Referencia y de las definiciones proporcionadas por la norma ISO 10303 (STEP) se realizado la correspondencia de dicho modelo con las definiciones de STEP, como resultado se obtiene el Modelo Interpretado. El protocolo se ha desarrollado con el objetivo de permitir eliminar la etapa de postprocesado del programa pieza de inspección y el uso de formatos de intercambio tipo DMIS. Este protocolo se ha validado en un entorno de trabajo real compuesto por un sistema CAD/CAM CATIA y una MMC DEA. La experiencia piloto ha permitido validar la información contenida en el protocolo y demostrar los beneficios obtenidos en la transferencia de información desde la actividad de diseño hasta la de inspección. | ||
| Journal: | V Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería Mecánica. Mérida. México. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 01/10/2001 |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; Sabino Mateos; Ana I. Fernández Abia | ||
| Abstract: | A working environment called IFCIA is presented that allows integrating the inspection activity with the modelling system of the product, so that between these activities information is exchanged in consistency with the objectives of the concurrent engineering. The exchange of data is carried out taking as reference the objects included in a previously developed information model. The architecture of the working environment is explained and also the difficulties that arise for the integration of the dimensional measurement devices in the cycle | ||
| Journal: | VI Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería Mecánica. Coimbra. Portugal. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 01-03/10/2003 |
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta González; Sabino Mateos; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero | ||
| Abstract: | En lo relativo al diseño y fabricación, este tipo de formatos ya están desarrollados en gran medida y de hecho existe la Norma ISO10303 - STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product data) al respecto. Aunque existen varios frentes abiertos donde todavía se está desarrollando y definiendo[1], por parte de los grupos de trabajo dentro del subcomité TC184/SC4 de ISO y otras instituciones a nivel mundial, cómo debe guardarse y relacionarse la información de las piezas o productos utilizando formato STEP, puede decirse sin embargo que estamos ante una tecnología moderna que debe pasar a la fase de implementación y utilización masiva por parte de los desarrolladores de software CAD/CAM, de fabricantes de máquina herramienta, e incluso diseñadores, investigadores y personal de oficinas técnicas en general. De hecho, la confrontación de los requisitos y exigencias de información de todos y cada uno de los usuarios de tecnologías de fabricación a lo largo del ciclo de producción, es la que ha evolucionado hacia la aparición de desarrollos que utilizan como formato de intercambio el STEP. El presente artículo aporta un planteamiento de este tipo considerando, en este caso, el área de la inspección automatizada de piezas. La inspección se llevará a cabo en el entorno de las modernas Maquinas de Medir por Coordenadas (MMC), cuya integración en los sistemas de Ingeniería concurrente, como pueden ser los PDM (Product Data Management) o PLM (Product Life Cycle Management), esta sobradamente justificada. | ||
| Journal: | 6º Congreso Interamericano de Computación Aplicada a la Industria de Procesos (CAIP’2003). Puebla. México | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 01-03/10/2003 |
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta González; Joaquín Barreiro García; Sabino Mateos; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; Gonzalo Valiño | ||
| Abstract: | This work presents an Activity Information Model for Concurrent Engineering using the IDEF0 modelling structure. The activity model allows to take into account several Dimensional Measurement Equipments (DME’s), including the use of Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM’s). In all of them, a Statistical Process Control (SPC) could be incorporated in order to achieve a certain degree of automation. The Integration will be carried out by the implementation of this model through STEP format allowing the information exchange between CAD systems and DME controls. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 14th International DAAAM Symposium. Sarajevo. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 01-03/10/2003 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; Sabino Mateos; Ana I. Fernández Abia | ||
| Abstract: | An architecture is defined for the testing and validation of a previously developed information model. The aim is to integrate the inspection activity using coordinate measuring machines (CMM) with the previous activities in the cycle. The integration is at the level of definition, exchange and sharing of information. The resources used include a CATIA CAD, modified for using as a product and process modeller, an EXPRESS database, and a motorized CMM. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 14th International DAAAM Symposium. Sarajevo. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 01-03/10/2003 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Luz K. Hernández Gegen; Hernando A. Cáceres Martínez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Manuel Castejón Limas; Ramón A. Fernández Díaz | ||
| Abstract: | Este artículo muestra el procedimiento empleado para analizar el desgaste de herramientas de corte por medio de técnicas de visión artificial. Plaquitas de Carburo de Wolframio recubiertas son empleadas en el proceso de torneado de aceros AISI SAE 1045, 4140, 4340 y 9310. El mecanizado se lleva a cabo variando los diferentes parámetros de corte con el fin de apreciar su efecto en la evolución del desgaste. Se ha desarrollado una aplicación en Matlab que permite la adquisición de las imágenes con diferentes resoluciones para su posterior procesamiento, logrando medir el desgaste del flanco. Se explica cómo se ha diseñado e implementado el sistema de visión y se comenta el método de adquisición de las imágenes y su tratamiento en el pre-procesado, segmentación y post-procesado. Se presentan los primeros resultados obtenidos usando diferentes descriptores de textura. | ||
| Journal: | 7º Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería Mecánica | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 12-14/10/2005 |
| Authors: | Hernando A. Cáceres Medina; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González. | ||
| Abstract: | En este artículo se propone un modelo de información para integrar las herramientas dela gestión de la calidad apoyadas por ordenador (CAQ) a otras etapas del ciclo de vida del producto, permitiendo un eficiente flujo de información, evitando que la aplicación informática utilizada en cada uno de los grupos de trabajo sea un obstáculo. Para lograrlo es importante destacar los entornos basados en Ingeniería Simultánea y en especial la norma STEP (ISO 10303), que sirve de base para que etapas del ciclo, como el diseño y la fabricación, hayan conseguido alcanzar una integración muy avanzada, haciendo que los tiempos se reduzcan de manera considerable y proporcionando a las compañías una mayor capacidad de reacción frente al mercado y la competencia. | ||
| Journal: | 7º Congreso Iberoamericano de Ingeniería Mecánica | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 12-14/10/2005 |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Alberto Sanz; Luz K. Hernández Gegen; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Manuel Castejón Limas. | ||
| Abstract: | In the last years computer vision techniques have developed significantly, not with respect to hardware aspects but also to image processing applications. For decades initiatives for application of these techniques in the production facilities were intended, mainly at inspection and control processes. However, only in the last decade this technology has achieved the level of maturity and low cost required for effective installation at the industrial environment. In this work operator and analyst graphical interfaces are showed that allows monitoring tool inserts in the turning of steels. The interface is based on computer vision techniques together with classification techniques using statistical moments and region descriptors. | ||
| Journal: | Second Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference (CISIF-MESIC). Madrid (Spain) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Manufacturing Engineering Society | Date: | 11-13/07/2007 |
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | En la fabricación industrial se aplican distintos tipos de procesos que incluyen tanto actividades manuales como actividades automatizadas que pueden implicar secuencias complejas. Hay que sumar a esta circunstancia que, en la mayor parte de los casos se utilizan distintas aplicaciones que generan formatos de datos diferentes, lo que complica la comunicación eficiente entre las distintas actividades. Se han realizado distintos trabajos en el sentido de facilitar el intercambio de la información a través del ciclo de vida del producto, en concreto en el ámbito de la norma ISO 10303 (STEP). También se está desarrollando la norma ISO 14649 (STEP-NC) que, siendo una extensión de la anterior, integra los datos de diseño con la información de fabricación independientemente de la máquina utilizada y en el entorno del Control Numérico, CNC. Paralelamente, la norma internacional STEP también desarrolla el protocolo AP238, centrado en los sistemas CNC, pero utilizando el procedimiento completo de implantación indicado en esta norma. Aunque estos trabajos incluyen aspectos relacionados con las actividades de inspección, no hay trabajos que integren la información asociada al control del proceso con el resto del ciclo de desarrollo de producto. Se presenta en este trabajo un modelo para integrar el control estadístico del proceso (SPC) con las demás actividades, conforme al estándar STEP y al estándar XML para el intercambio de información vía red. | ||
| Journal: | Second Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference (CISIF-MESIC). Madrid (Spain) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Manufacturing Engineering Society | Date: | 11-13/07/2007 |
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Jonathan Ruiz; Joaquín Barreiro García; Manuel Castejón Limas; Luz K. Hernández Gegen | ||
| Abstract: | This paper introduces a set of decision rules and a connected methodology designed to aid in the segmentation of the wear region caused in the cutting tool by the machining process. Every image undergoes a previous segmentation process that encompasses diverse techniques. If the cutting tool shows low wear level with this method a segmented region is obtained. Whether the cutting tool is highly worn or not is determined depending on the number of regions obtained with this previous method, the eccentricity and area. The darkest region caused by the curvature of the tip is obtained applying other algorithms from the images corresponding to those cutting tools that showed low wear level. When the wear region shows medium wear level, other methods provide the wear region. A set of 625 cutting tools were segmented and a visual check determined that the result was correct in 90% of the images. | ||
| Journal: | Second Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference (CISIF-MESIC).Madrid (Spain) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Manufacturing Engineering Society | Date: | 11-13/07/2007 |
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta González; Joaquín Barreiro García; Pedro Fernández | ||
| Abstract: | This paper studies the suitability of the 3-spheres conventional alignment method located in the test part. Firstly, the three spheres are measured by contact scanning using a touch stylus probe (trigger probe) with the highest precision. Secondly, scanning with a laser triangulation sensor is used applying different strategies. Then, deviations among the point clouds of the digitized spheres generated with laser scanning are analyzed. The obtained results not only show the importance that a right choice of the part reference system has, but also the size and location of the reference spheres with respect to the test part. These aspects affect the inspection times and measuring errors directly. | ||
| Journal: | 6th International Conference of DAAAM Baltic Industrial Engineering.Tallinnn, Estonia. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL | Date: | 24/04/2008 |
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Rocío Aláiz Rodríguez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Jonathan Ruiz | ||
| Abstract: | A new method based on computer vision and a neural network classifier is proposed to estimate the wear of metal cutting inserts in order to identify the time for their replacement. Classification of wear level in two classes –low and too high wear– is possible following a supervised approach, so as tool replacement is carried out before the wear reaches the second level or class. A total of 1383 wear flank images were acquired using a vision system and a binary image was generated for each one. The perimeter of the wear region was described by means of a shape signature, which was normalized and resized to 40 and 100 values. These vectors have been classified using both k-nn and MLP, obtaining 5.5% and 5.1% error rates, respectively. | ||
| Journal: | 6th International Conference of DAAAM Baltic Industrial Engineering.Tallinnn, Estonia. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL | Date: | 24/04/2008 |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Rocío Aláiz Rodríguez; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; David Ablanedo | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents a method to perform a surface finish control using a computer vision system. The goal pursued was to design an acceptance criterion for the control strategy. Class 1 would contain those parts with low roughness—acceptable— and class 2 those with high roughness —defective. We have used 140 images obtained from AISI 303 stainless steel machining. Images were described using five different methods – Hu, Flusser, Taubin, Zernike and Legendre moments. Classification was done using k-nn and neural networks. With k-nn the best error rate – 4.7% – was achieved using Hu and Flusser descriptors. With the neural network, a ten node hidden layer network with 300 cycles using Legendre descriptors leads to the optimal configuration – 4.7% error rate. Key words: roughness control, textural descriptors, moments descriptors, k-nn, neural network classification. | ||
| Journal: | 6th International Conference of DAAAM Baltic Industrial Engineering.Tallinnn, Estonia. | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL | Date: | 24/04/2008 |
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta González; Joaquín Barreiro García; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez; Pedro Fernández | ||
| Abstract: | In the last years, the presence of non contact scanning systems has increased continuously in the industry. The main reason is that these systems lead to an important reduction in the inspection time and consequently a reduction in manufacturing costs while maintaining quality levels. The advantages of these systems are well known, such as the high speed data acquisition and the high number of captured points. However there exist some disadvantages, like the poor (undefined) accuracy when comparing with traditional touch trigger probe inspection systems. For this reason, scanning systems are mainly used in Reverse Engineering, heritage conservation or multimedia applications (movies, video games, etc.). In metrological applications, their validity has not been tested, in terms of geometric and dimensional tolerance control and accuracy. This work deals with this problem, performing a comparison between two scanning systems. To carry out this comparison, a laser triangulation sensor (LTS) and a touch trigger probe, both mounted on a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), have been used. The scope of this study is the measurement of surfaces representing canonical features: planes, spheres, cylinders (both outer and inner-holes) and conical surfaces (holes with countersink and counterbore). For this study, different test parts have been designed with different manufacturing features and good optical characteristics for the LTS. The test parts were designed taking into account previous studies about the influence of the machining process and surface finishing. The reconstruction of the feature surfaces and the corresponding comparison has been carried out using different CAD systems to analyze the convergence of results among them. | ||
| Journal: | Second International Conference on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization and Applications (AMSDO). Gijón (Spain) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 03-05/09/2008 |
| DOI: | ISBN : 978-2-9529331-3-1 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez; Pedro Fernández | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents an approximation to a methology to identify the knowledge required in the inspection process planning with coordinate measuring machines. The focus of the work is in the knowledge capitalization, but in particular the phase of elicitation, that is, the process of obtaining knowledge from experts before its formalization and implementation in a system. The application of knowledge based methodologies to other activities different to the design process problem is scarce. In that paper the application is focused to the problem of the design of the inspection process. The inspection planning is a good candidate for implementing a knowledge based engineering system because the repetitive and well-known decisions to make, although almost this knowledge is today implicit in the expert mind. An extension to MOKA methodology together with IDEF0 graphical modelling has been used. The reason is that this methodology is the only one which allows eliciting knowledge from documents within engineering domains through its ontology. The identification of knowledge is done in a first high-abstraction level of approximation which will serve as basis to a detailed representation and implementation in a KBE platform. | ||
| Journal: | III Manufacturing Engineering Society International Congress (CISIF-MESIC) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Manufacturing Engineering Society | Date: | 17-19/06/2009 |
| Authors: | Patricia Morala Argüello; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Víctor González Castro | ||
| Abstract: | Measurement of surface roughness has been a matter of special interest in metal machining research during the last fifty years. Surface finish can be evaluated by means of some roughness parameters defined in international standards. These standards are oriented to tactile measuring devices that provide two–dimensional records of part profile. However, in the last decade, the improvement in computer vision and optics has encouraged many groups to research in the application of these technologies. Surface roughness evaluation is not an exception. The advantage of computer vision in this area is the characterization of wide areas of surface providing more information (3D information). In that context, this paper proposes a method based on computer vision to evaluate the superficial quality of machined parts. The method consists on the analysis of images of surface finish of machined parts by means of five feature vectors based on moments: Hu, Flusser, Taubin, Zernike and Legendre. Attending to these descriptors the images were classified into two classes: low roughness and high roughness, using k-nn neighbor’s algorithm and neural networks. The moments used as descriptors in this paper show different behavior with regard to surface finish identification, concluding that Zernike and Legendre descriptors provide the best performance. An error rate of 6.5% was achieved using Zernike descriptors with k-nn classification. | ||
| Journal: | III Manufacturing Engineering Society International Congress (CISIF-MESIC) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Manufacturing Engineering Society | Date: | 17-19/06/2009 |
| Authors: | Patricia Morala Argüello; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Sir Alexci Suárez Castrillón; Víctor González Castro | ||
| Abstract: | The research presented in this paper is aimed at the development of an automated vision system for classification of surface finish in turning parts. Haralick features in the frequency domain have been used to characterize finish roughness of metallic parts by means of the wavelet transform. First, the wavelet transform was applied to two sets of images, one belonging to parts with low roughness and other belonging to parts with high roughness. Haralick features were worked out for the image description. Then, a classification was performed using knn. Others simple and based on moment features were also calculated to compare the results against Haralick features. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 20th International DAAAM Symposium | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 25-27/11/2009 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García | ||
| Abstract: | Nowadays, the inspection process has gained a substantial importance for the global manufacturing process. The activity of inspection planning is essential to automate the inspection and to reduce lead times and costs in the industrial production. In this context, the Knowledge Based Engineering is one of the most significant tools to achieve this goal with efficiency and consistence. This paper shows a method to collect the knowledge in the inspection process planning with coordinate measuring machines. The representation of the knowledge is done using an ontology which is a variant to the one included in the MOKA methodology and using the IDEF0 graphical modelling as start point. The knowledge obtained in a first level (informal model) will be the basis to a complete and detailed representation (formal model) in a KBE platform. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 20th International DAAAM Symposium | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 25-27/11/2009 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Sir Alexci Suárez Castrillón; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Patricia Morala Argüello; Víctor González Castro | ||
| Abstract: | In this paper we present a method to classify the surface roughness in metallic part after machining processes using an artificial vision system. Two texture analysis methods are used: Co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and the energy of the texture obtained by Laws’ method. These descriptors are classified with Lineal and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (LDA and QDA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN.) The best results have been achieved using the Laws mask R5R5 (94.03%) and the combined correlation descriptor extracted from the GLCM (94.23%), both classified using Neural Networks. These results show the success of the method and the possibility to correlate these descriptors with the average roughness (Ra). | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 20th International DAAAM Symposium | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 25-27/11/2009 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Rocío Alaiz Rodríguez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Fidalgo Colado; Laura Fernández Robles | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents a method to perform a surface finish control using a computer vision system. The goal pursued was to design an acceptance criterion for the control of surface roughness of steel parts, dividing them in those with low roughness – acceptable class – and those with high roughness – defective class. We have used 143 images obtained from AISI 303 stainless steel machining. Images were described using three different methods – texture local filters, the first four Haralick descriptors from the gray-level co-ocurrence matrix and a 20 features vector obtained from the first subband of a wavelet transform of the original image and also the gray-level original image. Classification was conducted using K-nn and Neuronal Networks. The best error rate – 4.0% - with k-nn was achieved using texture descriptors. With the neuronal network, an eight node hidden layer network using Haralick descriptors leads to the optimal configuration – 0.0% error rate. | ||
| Journal: | Second Intl. Symposium CompIMAGE. Buffalo, NY, USA | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | |
| Authors: | Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez; Eduardo Cuesta González; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García. | ||
| Abstract: | This work presents a methodology for setting the number and spatial distribution of inspection points in the automatic inspection of parts using Coordinate Measuring Machines. This methodology collects the existing knowledge about sampling rules in automatic inspection. The final purpose is to store this knowledge in a KBE platform oriented to the inspection planning process and based on the MOKA methodology. | ||
| Journal: | 36th MATADOR Conference Manchester | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 14/07/2010 |
| Authors: | Sir Alexci Suárez Castrillón; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Patricia Morala Argüello; Laura Fernández Robles | ||
| Abstract: | An artificial vision system has been used to classify metallic work-parts in base of their surface roughness. Haralick features have been computed through the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) to analyze the texture of the parts. Quadratic and Linear Discriminant Analysis (QDA and LDA) algorithms have been worked out to classify the descriptors. Results have proved the validity of this method to classify metallic parts in two classes achieving hit rates of 97,4% using QDA. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 21st International DAAAM Symposium | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 20-23/10/2010 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez. | ||
| Abstract: | During the last decades computer assisted systems applied to manufacturing have evolved in a constant way. Among other reasons, evolution has come by the necessity of using more and more information when going from the data era, through the information era towards the knowledge era. Along this evolution, several standards and modeling methodologies have been generated with direct application to the manufacturing context. However, there is an excess of methods and languages to elicitate, capture and represent the information and knowledge that produces a sense of lack of integration and coordination among them. In this paper, a comparative synthesis of two well-known methodologies of wide industrial acceptance is done. These are the STEP methodology and the MOKA methodology | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 21st International DAAAM Symposium | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Patricia Morala Argüello; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; María T. García Ordás; Oscar García Olalla; Daniel González Madruga | ||
| Abstract: | Nowadays the evaluation of surface quality of manufactured products continues being a very important task for the industry. One of the lines of research associated to this subject tries to predict the surface roughness using signal analysis, such as vibrations, in the machining process. Many researchers have proposed models for determining the roughness based on the cutting conditions or the cutting forces. As the surface roughness depends on many variables, in this work different statistical values of cutting forces, tool vibration values and machining conditions are considered together for predicting surface roughness of turned metallic parts using artificial neural networks. We have notice the best predictions have been obtained when force and cutting conditions were combined together. The absolute error values obtained have been always below to 1.28 and 1.11 μm when using the median and root mean square (RMS) as descriptors, respectively. | ||
| Journal: | IV Manufacturing Engineering Society International Congress (CISIF-MESIC) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 23-25/11/2011 |
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez; Daniel González Madruga | ||
| Abstract: | This paper is focused on the task of elicitation and structuring of knowledge related to selection of inspection resources. The final goal is to obtain an informal model of knowledge oriented to the inspection planning in coordinate measuring machines. In the first tasks, where knowledge is captured, it is necessary to use tools that make easier the analysis and structuring of knowledge, so that rules of selection can be easily stated to configure the inspection resources. To store the knowledge an ontology called Onto-Process has been developed. This ontology may be of application to diverse processes in manufacturing engineering. This paper describes the decomposition of the ontology in terms of general units of knowledge and others more specific for selection of sensor assemblies in inspection planning with touch sensors. | ||
| Journal: | IV Manufacturing Engineering Society International Congress (CISIF-MESIC) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 23-25/11/2011 |
| Authors: | Ana I. Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis N. López de Lacalle; Gorka Urbicain; Isabel Paradela | ||
| Abstract: | Although the turning process has been widely studied and is well-known, some limitations exist in the processing of certain materials due to an absence of their characterization. Such is the case of austenitic stainless steels, which in spite of being materials of great economic and technological value, their behavior in machining is still not well understood in some aspects. In industry there is not enough reliable and up-to-date technological data about austenitic stainless steels, especially when considering the state of the art in technology development where cutting speeds are higher and higher. In this paper a mechanistic model for cutting force prediction is developed; expressions for the specific coefficients of cutting are determined that characterize the behavior of austenitic stainless steels turning at high cutting speeds using coating tungsten carbide tools. | ||
| Journal: | IV Manufacturing Engineering Society International Congress (CISIF-MESIC) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 23-25/11/2011 |
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Daniel González Madruga | ||
| Abstract: | Coordinate Measuring Arms (PCMAs or CMAs), despite using three-dimensional measurement techniques conceptually similar to the CMMs, are still manual measuring instruments for contact and their reliability requires an analysis of the most significant parameters of influence. In this work two types of tests were performed: in first place measurements of gauge blocks and ring gauges were made using the same CMA by several inspectors, thus simulating a study of repeatability and reproducibility (r&R). Based on preliminary results, a new study was carried out with more geometric features, over a “feature’s master part” designed accordingly, and comparing the results with the measurements obtained in a CMM with traceability. This comparison has proven that measurement results are influenced not only by the operator (number and distribution of points, contact force, etc.) but also by the measured feature type and the probe type, thus by the CMA feasibility for measurement. | ||
| Journal: | IV Manufacturing Engineering Society International Congress (CISIF-MESIC) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings - | Date: | 21-23/09/2011 |
| Authors: | Sir Alexis Suárez Castrillón; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; María Teresa García Ordás; Oscar García Olalla | ||
| Abstract: | A vision system that employs texture descriptors to classify different materials used in industrial processes is proposed. Five types of materials have been tested: concrete, sandstone, wood, metal and paper. As texture descriptors, the ones proposed by Haralick obtained from the coocurrence matrix were computed and also the ones of first order combined with the energy of Laws. The classification was carried out using linear discriminant analysis. Results show the good performance of the R5R5 Laws mask, achieving higher hit rates that those obtained by means of the coocurrence matrix. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 22rd International DAAAM Symposium | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 23-25/11/2011 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Manuel González Madruga; Daniel González Madruga; Javier González | ||
| Abstract: | Case based reasoning (CBR) methodologies are one the nowadays methodologies for automating decision making. However, most of the implemented systems are related to fields far from manufacturing engineering. Also, most of the CBR systems use not standard lenguages and interfaces for knowledge representation. In this paper an ontology is presented for CBR knowledge representation in the scope of inspection planning with coordinate measuring machines. The ontology has been represented using a formal and widely accepted language, the express language, so the integration with other models in the product lifecycle is easier. The ontology serves as basis for development of inspection planning applications. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 22rd International DAAAM Symposium | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 23-25/11/2011 |
| DOI: | ISSN 1726-9679 | ||
| Authors: | Daniel González Madruga; Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia | ||
| Abstract: | Se presenta una metodología utilizada para el desarrollo de seminarios en el ámbito de la Ingeniería de Fabricación. Cuando se trata de abordar la planificación didáctica de un seminario de este tipo, nos encontramos con que el tiempo disponible para su realización es muy escaso. Una forma posible de abordar esta limitación es la preparación de determinados materiales docentes para poner a disposición del alumno antes de llevar a cabo el seminario. Es aquí donde adquiere importancia el uso de herramientas TIC de enseñanza virtual como eXe-Learning, donde se centra este trabajo. Sin embargo, en este artículo no sólo se trata de la elaboración de material docente para el trabajo no presencial autónomo del alumno; se plantea toda una estrategia docente para el desarrollo de los seminarios en ingeniería de fabricación. | ||
| Journal: | XX CUIEET (Congreso Universitario de Innovación Educativa en las Enseñanzas Técnicas) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | |
| Authors: | Daniel González Madruga; Eduardo Cuesta González; Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents a real-time force measuring system development and implementation for Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMMs). Due to the lack of studies on the AACMM field, force analysis of touch trigger probes on Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs) are used to propose a new force measuring instrument. AACMM forces are measured with strain gauges on the hard probe of the AACMM. Strain gauges readings are used to calculate forces that operator causes during part measuring. The whole system has been calibrated according to international standards. A measuring contact force characterization is also carried out in order to know the measurement contact force influence in AACMM performance. | ||
| Journal: | Proceedings of the 23rd International DAAAM Symposium, 23 (1) | Pages: | 267-272 |
| Editorial: | DAAAM INTERNATIONAL VIENNA | Date: | 01/11/2012 |
| Authors: | Daniel González Madruga; Eduardo Cuesta González; H. Patiño; Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero. | ||
| Abstract: | Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMMs) require a fast and reliable evaluation methodology and gauge at reduced cost. In this work, a gauge with virtual circles is presented and a study of its reliability is carried out. The studied parameters include the centre error and the standard deviation of the centre, diameter and distance. Two metrological laboratories have participated in the work and evaluation tests were performed independently with their own AACMMs but using the same methodology and equivalent gauges. The two AACMMs have a similar kinematic model and range but different accuracy according to manufacturer specifications. In a complementary test, two distances, 500 and 920 mm approximately, have been measured and analyzed in order to determine their suitability. Results have proved such gauge as a way for AACMM evaluation and distance is not a clear significance except for work volume evaluated. | ||
| Journal: | 5th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference - Zaragoza (Spain) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Manufacturing Engineering Society | Date: | 13-15/06/2013 |
| Authors: | Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; J. Fernández Larrinoa; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle; A. Fernández Valdivieso; Octavio M. Pereira Neto. | ||
| Abstract: | The market of turning tools is coped majority by hard metal tools with CVD coating. However, availability of tools with sharp cutting edges is essential in light turning of small parts. In this context, PVD process is optimum for obtaining sharp edges. Therefore, a methodology is presented to evaluate the performance of PVD advanced tools for turning of difficult to machine materials. Four coatings were tested: AlTiSiN (nACo®), AlCrSiN (nACRo®), AlTiN and TiAlCrN. The analysis was developed carrying out wear tests and analyzing different signals such as cutting forces, EDX analysis of inserts, part roughness and insert image analysis. Results indicate that the best coatings for turning of difficult to machine materials as austenitic stainless steels are nACo® and AlTiN coatings, since they offer the best performance. Several factors demonstrate it: better tool flank wear evolution, less tangential cutting force or lower part roughness | ||
| Journal: | 5th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference - Zaragoza (Spain) | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Manufacturing Engineering Society | Date: | 13-15/06/2013 |
| Authors: | Adrián Rodríguez Esquerro; Octavio Manuel Pereira Neto; Joaquín Barreiro García; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle Marcaide | ||
| Abstract: | Innovar y avanzar en la búsqueda de mejores sistemas de refrigeración y lubricación es un objetivo pendiente a nivel global desde hace muchos años. El control de las técnicas de refrigeración y lubricación implica directamente un aumento de la productividad y una drástica reducción de coste y daños medioambientales, provocados estos por las taladrinas y aceites de corte actualmente utilizados durante el mecanizado de diferentes productos y materiales. En este artículo se presenta una técnica de refrigeración/lubricación para los procesos de mecanizado, basada en la utilización de gases criogénicos y aceites biodegradables. La ventaja principal de esta técnica es que combina el beneficio del MQL como lubricante y el CO2 como refrigerante, siendo por lo tanto respetuosa medioambientalmente, reduciendo los costes de mecanizado y posicionándose como una alternativa real al mecanizado con emulsiones de aceite. El trabajo desarrollado incluye la comparativa entre los gases criogénicos comúnmente utilizados, la puesta a punto del sistema de regulación, el desarrollo de diferentes sistemas de inyección y la realización de ensayos experimentales. Los resultados obtenidos de este trabajo posicionan al mecanizado criogénico como una alternativa interesante a las técnicas tradicionales de refrigeración, consiguiendo reducir el desgaste de la herramienta de forma considerable, permitiendo así el aumento de la velocidad de corte y el consiguiente aumento de la productividad. | ||
| Journal: | XX Congreso Nacional de Ingeniería Mecánica - Asociación Española de Ingeniería Mecánica | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Proceedings | Date: | 24-26/09/2014 |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | This work presents an integrated production environment composed by a product modeller, a coordinate measuring machine, a machine tool and a product central database. The integration among these equipments is defined at the level of the information they exchange. The context is restricted to the integration of the inspection, including measuring in a coordinate machine with touch probe and laser sensors, measuring in a machining center with touch probe, and statistical process control. An information model based in the STEP standard has been defined to achieve the integration. This model contains a set of data structures represented with the EXPRESS modelling language and it is used for the exchange of information among the resources mentioned. The exchange of data is carried out by files with the format defined in the STEP standard. The information always flows through a central database. This way of integration allows the elimination of all neutral files that exist at the present time in the production cycle avoiding the use of post-processors. This paper is centred in the validation of the model, the adaptation of applications and the development of interfaces for the resources, so that they admit data structures in agreement with the information model. | ||
| Journal: | DAAAM International Scientific Book | Pages: | 21-28 |
| Editorial: | DAAAM Intl Vienna | Date: | 2004 |
| DOI: | ISSN: 1726-9687 | ||
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio Álvarez Álvarez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Sabino Mateos | ||
| Journal: | Revista Información Tecnológica, 15 (2) | Pages: | 79 - 82 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2004 | |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; José Ríos Chueco; Antonio Vizán Idoipe | ||
| Abstract: | The basis of the integration of activities related to the product life cycle is, mainly, the creation of a unique and coherent information model along all the stages in the cycle. Up to date, dimensional inspection activities have not been deeply analysed, possibly due to the fact that, their work influences are smaller than others, such us numerical analysis, materials or numerical control. However, the integration of dimensional inspection is very important for several reasons: the need of specifying the design and planning of the inspection process from the conceptual part design; the increase of use of high speed CMM in the production lines; and finally, for the interest of a feedback between data inspection and manufacturing processes. This paper is a detailed proposal of an information model for inspection based on operations for CMM, which represents a consistent structure of the necessary data in an integrated product setting. | ||
| Journal: | International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 43 | Pages: | 797 - 809 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 2003 |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/S0890-6955(03)00060-9 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; José Ríos Chueco; Antonio Vizán Idoipe | ||
| Abstract: | Product dimensional inspection is set as one of the essential parts of the production process, where not only product quality test is checked but also its interaction with other development stages in a minimal time. This enables a feedback to make quicker production and design decisions, provides updated information about the inspection processes to be shared and used in the new development processes, and permits the simultaneous work in the preparation of the inspection processes themselves. For this aim, it is necessary, as it occurs in the STEP framework, to develop an application context that includes all dimensional inspection aspects, from the geometrical and measurement aspects to those related to administration and configuration product data. This paper proposes a solution to integrate the dimensional inspection process with coordinate measuring machines with the design and manufacturing processes. Integration is achieved through a common product information model. A functional information model, a reference information model and an interpreted information model have been defined. The interaction with other information models associated to other activities of the production cycle is possible. Tests have been made of the possibility of making the inspection information interchange at the operation level instead of making it at the CMM trajectory level, as it is the case of the current DMIS format. This level of information definition is easier to put into effect, easier to interpret, and it is more productive. In order to test the validity of the information model, a real work environment which has been called IFCIA (Inspection Framework for Concurrent Information Access) has been developed. The IFCIA architecture is composed of a product modelling system, an object oriented central database and a tri-dimensional coordinate measuring machine. The model has been implemented on an object oriented product central database which is accessible by all the applications, so that the access to data is achieved in a concurrent way and in real time for the different agents involved in the development cycle, in a heterogeneous framework of platforms and applications. The generation and transference of the information among these systems is carried out exclusively according to data structures defined in the information model. | ||
| Journal: | International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43 | Pages: | 1621 - 1632 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 2003 |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/S0890-6955(03)00182-2 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro, Julio E. Labarga, José Ríos, Antonio Vizán | ||
| Abstract: | Se presenta un protocolo de información para la integración de la inspección dimensional en el ciclo de producción. El protocolo consta de tres modelos: un Modelo de Actividades que permite identificar la información implicada en el proceso; un Modelo de Referencia que satisface los requerimientos de información definidos en el modelo de actividades; y un Modelo Interpretado que asocia el modelo de referencia con las definiciones de la norma ISO 10303 (STEP). El protocolo se ha validado en un entorno de trabajo compuesto por un sistema de diseño asistido por ordenador, una base de datos central y una máquina de medir por coordenadas. Se concluye que es posible realizar la integración de la actividad de inspección en el ciclo de producción usando un modelo de información común con el resto de actividades, permitiendo eliminar el post-procesado del programa de inspección y el uso de formatos neutros de intercambio. | ||
| Journal: | Revista Información Tecnológica, 13 | Pages: | 67 - 76 |
| Editorial: | Date: | 2002 | |
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Julio E. Labarga Ordóñez; Eduardo Cuesta González | ||
| Abstract: | Application of Simultaneous Engineering concept can be made at two levels: the first one refers to project work and administration methods, reorganizing teams; the second level refers to the use of computer systems which not only transmits product and process information among them, but also allows them to share it [S. Bloor, J. Owen, Product Data Exchange, UCL Press Limited, London, 1995]. Nowadays, several research groups are working on this second alternative. In this context, the definition of a product information model is very useful: a mechanism able to provide product information to the activities in the production cycle [P. Gu, K. Chang, Product Modelling Using STEP, Computer Aided Design, 27(3) (1995) 163–179; P.R. Wilson, Information Modelling, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 7(12) (1987) 65–67]. This model should satisfy the different points of view that the product lifecycle activities have about the same information [O.J. Canciglieri, R.I.M. Young, A multi-viewpoint reasoning system in design for injection moulding, International Conference on Design and Production of Dies and Molds, Istambul, 19–21 Junio, 1997, pp. 195–205; T. de Martino, B. Falcidieno, S. Habinger, Design and engineering process integration through a multiple view intermediate modeller in a distributed object-oriented system environment, Computer Aided Design, 30(6) (1998) 437–452; Product Data Representation and Exchange. Part 1. Overview and Fundamental Principles, ISO 10303 Part 1, ISO, 1993]: functionality, geometry, manufacturability or inspectionability. STEP standard [Product Data Representation and Exchange. Part 1. Overview and Fundamental Principles, ISO 10303 Part 1, ISO, 1993] provides a way to solve the problem of information integration along the cycle. However, this standard still does not consider the dimensional inspection process integration. This paper shows a solution to integrate the dimensional inspection process in the production cycle using coordinate measuring machines. The integration is achieved by means of an information model implemented in a product central database, accessible to every activity in the cycle. The information model has been defined according to STEP standard philosophy, in such a way that interaction with other information models related to other activities in the cycle is possible. A new framework called IFCIA is presented. Here, the model has been tested taking as reference the information objects included in the previously developed model. This framework was already introduced in Refs. [J. Barreiro, J.E. Labarga, A. Viza´n, J. Rı´os, Information model for the integration of the inspection activity in a concurrent engineering framework, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 43(8) (2003) 797–809; J. Barreiro, J.E. Labarga, A. Viza´n, J. Rı´os, Functional model for the development of an inspection integration framework, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacturing, 43(15) (2003) 1621–1632] but it is explained in detail now. The framework architecture and the difficulties that arise to integrate dimensional measuring equipments in the cycle are shown. q 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. | ||
| Journal: | International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 45 | Pages: | 819-829 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2004.11.001 | ||
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Rocío Aláiz Rodríguez; Joaquín Barreiro García | ||
| Abstract: | The goal of this work is to automatically determine the level of tool insert wear based on images acquired using a vision system. Experimental wear was carried out by machining AISI SAE 1045 and 4140 steel bars in a precision CNC lathe and using Sandvik inserts of tungsten carbide. A Pulnix PE2015 B/W with an optic composed by an industrial zoom 70 XL to 1.5X and a diffuse lighting system was used for acquisition. After images were pre-processed and wear area segmented, several patterns of the wear area were obtained using a set of descriptors based on statistical moments. Two sets of experiments were carried out, the first one considering two classes, low wear level and high wear level, respectively; the second one considering three classes. Performance of three classifiers was evaluated: Lp2, k-nearest neighbours and neural networks. Zernike and Legendre descriptors show the lowest error rates using a MLP neuronal network for classifying. | ||
| Journal: | Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 3773 | Pages: | 786 - 793 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS | ||
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Ramón A. Fernández Díaz; Manuel Castejón Limas | ||
| Abstract: | Wear level of tool inserts in automated processes is tried using techniques of artificial vision. An application has been developed in Matlab that allows the acquisition of images with different resolutions and later on to process them. It is explained how the vision system used has been designed and implemented. The method for acquiring tool insert images and their treatment in the pre-processing, segmentation and post-processing is commented. First results are also presented using diverse texture descriptors. These first results must be corroborated carrying out new experiments with a bigger number of images. | ||
| Journal: | Materials Science Forum Vol. 526 | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS | ||
| DOI: | 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.526.61 | ||
| Authors: | Manuel Castejón Limas; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luz K. Hernández Gegen | ||
| Abstract: | A new method based on a computer vision and statistical learning system is proposed to estimate the wear level in cutting inserts in order to identify the time for its replacement. A CNC parallel lathe and a computer vision system have been used to obtain 1383 flank images. A binary image for each of the former wear flank images have been obtained by applying several pre-processing and segmenting operations. Every wear flank region has been described by means of nine geometrical descriptors. LDA (linear discriminant analysis) shows that three out of the nine descriptors provide the 98.63% of the necessary information to carry out the classification, which are eccentricity, extent and solidity. The result obtained using a finite mixture model approach shows the presence of three clusters using these descriptors, which correspond with low, medium and high wear level. A monitoring approach is performed using the tool wear evolution for each insert along machining and the discriminant analysis. This evolution represents the probability of belonging to each one of the wear classes (low, medium and high). The estimate of the wear level allows to replace the tool when the wear level is located at the end of the M class (medium), preventing that the tool enters into the H class (high). r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | ||
| Journal: | International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture. 47(12 - 13) | Pages: | 1847 - 1853 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2007.04.001 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Manuel Castejón Limas; Enrique Alegre Guitérrez; Luz K. Hernández Gegen | ||
| Abstract: | The widely used criteria to determine the need for tool replacement are too much conservative. The consequence is that tools are only used for a small fraction of their possible useful life. The economical influence of tool replacement costs over total production costs demands better criteria according to current technology. The use of different moments to describe tool wear images and to classify the tool condition in wear classes has been studied. The moments used as descriptors in this paper show different behavior with regard to wear identification, concluding that Hu and Legendre descriptors provide the best performance. These descriptors have been classified using a finite mixture MCLUST model considering three wear classes (low, medium and high). The achieved results from the clustering have been checked by means of discriminant analysis techniques, linear and quadratic, using the Fowlkes–Mallow index as quality factor. The projection of image data by means of linear discriminant analysis provides useful wear maps for tool monitoring. These wear maps show us the wear classes and the frontiers among them, in such a way that wear evolution for current tool can be mapped. The quadratic discriminant analysis allows us to assign to the current tool, a probability of belonging to a wear class. This probability is used as a new wear criterion in substitution of the current conservative criteria, making possible to reduce tool replacement costs. r 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. | ||
| Journal: | International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 48 | Pages: | 1005 - 1013 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.ijmachtools.2008.01.005 | ||
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Manuel Castejón Limas; Sir Alexci Suárez Castrillón | ||
| Abstract: | This work presents a method to perform a surface finish control using a computer vision system. Test parts used were made of AISI 303 stainless steel and were machined with a MUPEM CNC multi-turret parallel lathe. Using a Pulnix PE2015 B/W camera, a diffuse illumination and a industrial zoom, 140 images were acquired. We have applied a vertical Prewitt filter to all the images obtaining two sets, the original one and the filtered. We have described the images using three different methods. The first features vector was composed by the mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of the image histogram. The second features vector was made up by four Haralick descriptors – contrast, correlation, energy and homogeneity. The last one was composed by 9 Laws descriptors. Using k-nn we have obtained a hit rate around 90 % with filtered images and, the best one, using Laws features vector of 92.14% with unfiltered images. These results show that it is feasible to use texture descriptors to evaluate the rugosity of metallic parts in the context of product quality inspection. | ||
| Journal: | Lecture notes in computer science, 5112 | Pages: | 1101 - 1110 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS | ||
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Rocío Aláiz Rodríguez; Joaquín Barreiro García; Jonathan Ruiz | ||
| Abstract: | Tool replacement operations have a great in uence over the cost of machined parts. At present, the common criteria used to determine the tool life do not optimize the use of tools, and lead to signi cant economic losses. The main objective of this work is to de ne a new procedure to improve the decision about the time for tool replacement. The approach followed is based on digital images of cutting edge, what has already been explored in the literature. The signi cance of this work relies on the use of contour signatures of the wear region as input to two techniques of classi cations, k-nearest neighbor and a neural network. The in uence of signature size vector is also analyzed. A total of 1383 wear ank images were acquired and the error rate estimation was about 5%. | ||
| Journal: | Estonian Journal of Engineering, 15, 1, 1–2 | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Estonian Acad. Sci. Eng. | Date: | |
| Authors: | Enrique Alegre; Rocío Aláiz Rodríguez; Joaquín Barreiro; Eduardo Fidalgo; Laura Fernández | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents a method to perform a surface finish control using a computer vision system. The goal pursued was to design an acceptance criterion for the control of surface roughness of steel parts, dividing them in those with low roughness – acceptable class – and those with high roughness – defective class. We have used 143 images obtained from AISI 303 stainless steel machining. Images were described using three different methods – texture local filters, the first four Haralick descriptors from the gray-level co-ocurrence matrix and a 20 features vector obtained from the first subband of a wavelet transform of the original image and also the gray-level original image. Classification was conducted using K-nn and Neuronal Networks. The best error rate – 4.0% - with k-nn was achieved using texture descriptors. With the neuronal network, an eight node hidden layer network using Haralick descriptors leads to the optimal configuration – 0.0% error rate. | ||
| Journal: | Lecture notes in computer science, 6026 | Pages: | 231 - 241 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS | ||
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta González; Joaquín Barreiro García; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | The massive acquisition of points in a very short inspection time has converted the scanning with laser triangulation sensors an adequate technology for reverse engineering activities. However, industry is demanding complementary uses for this technology, such as applications in the scope of dimensional measurement control of mechanical parts. A drawback arises in the scope of metrological applications—validity of laser scanning has not been tested in terms of accuracy for geometric and dimensional tolerance control. This paper studies the accuracy that can be achieved with these systems in the field of dimensional control. The methodology includes the comparison of two scanning technologies, laser scanning and contact scanning, considering the latter one as the reference system. The scope of this study is the measurement of surfaces based on canonical features: planes, spheres, cylinders (both outer and inner holes) and conical surfaces (countersink and counterboring holes). For the research, several devices have been designed, which include diverse form features. Reconstruction of surfaces and subsequent comparison with nominal geometry has been carried out using different CAD systems in order to analyze the convergence of results among them. Additionally, this research analyzes several issues that arise when making the comparisons, such as the setting up of a common reference system for the alignment of surfaces or the scanning strategies | ||
| Journal: | Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 48 | Pages: | 1238-1246 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.optlaseng.2010.06.007 | ||
| Authors: | Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | The inspection process planning with coordinate measuring machines involves repetitive and well-known decisions to make about the different strategies to use, although much of this knowledge is today implicit in the expert mind. Therefore, the inspection planning is a good activity for implementing knowledge-based engineering (KBE) systems. However, the origin of KBE is in the design activity and, traditionally, the different methodologies have been applied to that activity. In this paper, the focus is the application of a known methodology traditionally used in the design process to the inspection process with coordinate measuring machines. The paper considers the knowledge elicitation phase, that is, the knowledge identification before its formalisation and implementation in a platform. The identification of knowledge is done in a high-abstraction level using a combination of IDEF0 diagrams and a text analysis application. The knowledge extracted was represented in a first approximation by means of a modified ontology to adapt the original MOKA ontology to the inspection process. | ||
| Journal: | Int. J. Mechatronics and Manufacturing Systems, Vol. 3 (5-6) | Pages: | 451-465 |
| Editorial: | Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. | Date: | |
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Eduardo Cuesta González; Joaquín Barreiro García; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | Noncontact scanning systems are becoming more present in the industry every day. These systems allow a significant reduction in manufacturing costs, mainly due to the important decrement in the inspection time. They enable obtaining a great amount of data that provides very good levels of quality in results. In spite of the well-known advantages that these systems offer, there are also some difficulties, such as the undefined and nonstandardized accuracy when compared with traditional inspection systems based on touch-trigger probes. That is one of the reasons for the practical absence of scanning systems in metrological applications: they have not been adequately tested in terms of accuracy for geometric and dimensional tolerance control. In fact, these systems are mainly used in reverse engineering or multimedia applications. The goal pursued in this research is to analyze the applicability of scanning systems for measuring and control of tolerances. Two different scanning systems were analyzed: a laser triangulation sensor and a touchtrigger probe, both mounted on a coordinate measuring machine. Several test parts were designed, which include different canonical features: planes, spheres, cylinders, holes (outer and inner), and conical surfaces. A common alignment method was defined in order to compare the geometry generated for both scanning systems. Different scanning orientation strategies were defined for laser scanning. Besides this, features were reconstructed with several computer-aided design systems, and the correlation between the contact and noncontact geometries was analyzed to study the convergence of results among them. Finally, an analysis was carried out to compare them in terms of geometrical and dimensional tolerances, considering the contact measurements as datum. As a result, some advises are given with respect to the best strategies for scanning, estimating the deviations. | ||
| Journal: | Int J of Advance Manufacturing Technology, 46 | Pages: | 621 - 629 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00170-009-2106-8 | ||
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Ana I. Fernández Abia | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents the methodology that is being applied at present time for teaching and evaluation of different courses in the area of manufacturing processes engineering at the University of León. The context is delimited to the use of content management systems and continuous evaluation of learning. In particular, the Moodle platform is used for structuring the contents and for the continuous evaluation of courses in the scope of materials science, manufacturing processes and automation of operations. An analysis of the changes and challenges derived from the adoption of this methodology in the different courses in which has been applied is presented. These changes have been slightly different as a function of the compulsory or optional character of courses, as well as depending on the number of students enrolled in them. | ||
| Journal: | Materials Science Forum Vol. 695 | Pages: | 104-111 |
| Editorial: | Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.692.104 | ||
| Authors: | Ana I. Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis N. López de Lacalle; Susana Martínez Pellitero | ||
| Abstract: | Behavior of austenitic stainless steels has been studied at very high cutting speeds. Turning tests were carried out using the AISI 303 austenitic stainless steel. In particular, the influence of cutting speed on tool wear, surface quality, cutting forces and chip geometry has been investigated. These parameters have been compared when performing machining at traditional cutting speeds (lower than 350 m/min) versus high cutting speeds. The analysis of results shows that the material undergoes a significant change in its behavior when machining at cutting speeds above 450 m/min, that favors the machining operation. The main component of cutting forces reaches a minimum value at this cutting speed. The SEM micrographs of the machined surfaces show how at the traditional cutting speeds the machined surfaces contain cavities, metal debris and feed marks with smeared material particles. Surfaces machined at high cutting speeds show evidence of material side flow, which is more evident at cutting speeds above 600 m/min. Tool wear is located at the tool nose radius for lower cutting speeds, whereas it slides toward the secondary edge when cutting speed increases. An analysis of chips indicates also an important decrement in chip thickness for cutting speeds above 450 m/min. This study concludes that there is an unexplored range of cutting speeds very interesting for high-performance machining. In this range, the behavior of stainless steels is very favorable although tool wear rate is also significant. Nevertheless, nowadays the cost of tool inserts can be considered as secondary when comparing to other operation costs, for instance the machine hourly cost for high-end multitasking machines. | ||
| Journal: | J Advanced Manufacturing and Technology, 57 | Pages: | 61 - 71 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00170-011-3267-9 | ||
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | This paper focuses in the definition of a new ontology (Onto-Process) and the resulting informal model. The developed ontology constitutes an improvement to other ontologies since it covers the requirements of manufacturing processes engineering and, in particular, the inspection planning process with automated machines. Inspection planning activity usually implies to make repetitive and well-known decisions. These decisions are often based on the knowledge of inspection operators; therefore, it is a good candidate for implementing a knowledge-based engineering system. The sequence of activities involved in the inspection planning has been identified using Icam definition diagrams (Idef0) in order to express the knowledge at a high level. These diagrams constitute an important support for defining the sequence of activities and the information flow. Later on, this information has been analyzed in depth using conceptual maps and it has been classified into units of knowledge. Then, each of these units of knowledge is decomposed into elementary objects of knowledge and relationships among them are defined. In a first approach, the ontology has been tested using a very particular but essential task in inspection planning: the activity related to the definition of contact points over inspection surfaces. In this activity, decisions must be made about the number, distribution, and sequencing of points. In the methodology developed in this paper the differences between form and non-form error inspection is considered. Finally, the knowledge required to support these decisions is represented using Onto-Process. | ||
| Journal: | Advanced Manufacturing and Technology, 57 | Pages: | 325 - 339 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00170-011-3285-7 | ||
| Authors: | Ana I. Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis N. López de Lacalle; Susana Martínez Pellitero | ||
| Abstract: | Turning operation has been widely studied, and it is a well-known process. However, still today some limitations exist in the processing of some materials, mainly due to the poor or inexistent characterization. Such is the case of austenitic stainless steels, which in spite of being materials of high economic and technological value, their behavior to machining is still not well understood in some aspects. There are not reliable and updated technological data about austenitic stainless steels at industry. This fact is especially significant when considering technological development conducted by a continuous increment of cutting speeds. Nowadays, there is not a reliable mechanistic model for austenitic stainless steels turning adjusted for high cutting speeds. In this paper, a mechanistic model for cutting force prediction is presented. This model was developed for machining with nose radius tools considering the effect of the edge force due to the rounded cutting edge. In addition, a set of machining tests were carried out to obtain the specific force coefficients expressions for austenitic stainless steels using the mechanistic approach at high cutting speeds. The specific cutting coefficients were obtained applying the force model as an inverse model. This paper presents expressions for shearing and edge cutting coefficients which are valid for a wide range of cutting conditions. Results were validated by comparing the values estimated by the model with the ones obtained by experimentation. | ||
| Journal: | Int J Advanced Manufacturing and Technology, 62 | Pages: | 505 - 515 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00170-011-3846-9 | ||
| Authors: | Sir Alexci Suárez Castrillón; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez | ||
| Abstract: | A new descriptor that allows to classify turned metallic parts based on their superficial roughness is proposed in this paper. The material used for the tests was AISI 6150 steel, regarded as one of the reference steels in the market. The proposed solution is based on a vision system that calculates the actual roughness by analysing texture on images of machined parts. A new developed R5SR5S kernel for quantifying roughness is based on the R5R5 mask presented by Laws. Results from computing standard deviation from images obtained with the proposed R5SR5S kernel allow us to classify the images with a hit rate of 95.87% using linear discriminant analysis and 97.30% using quadratic discriminant analysis. These results show that the proposed technique can be effectively used to evaluate roughness in machining processes. | ||
| Journal: | Int J Advanced Manufacturing and Technology, 59 | Pages: | 605 - 615 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00170-011-3507-z | ||
| Authors: | Patricia Morala Argüello; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Maria T. García Ordás; Oscar García Olalla; Daniel González Madruga | ||
| Abstract: | Current trends in machining processes are focused in three goals: to increase the productivity and the reliability and to minimize costs. In this context, the development of signal monitoring systems is of vital importance for surface roughness inspection. One of the research lines associated to this context is oriented to predict surface roughness using indirect signal analysis, such as cutting forces or vibrations in the machining process. This paper analyzes the results obtained when comparing different nature signals combined with cutting parameters. The final goal is to quantify the deviations obtained with different monitoring signals for establishing the best ones to use as roughness evaluators. The best predictions were obtained when force and cutting conditions were combined together. The absolute error values remains always below 1.28 and 1.11 μm when using the median and root mean square (RMS) as descriptors, respectively. | ||
| Journal: | Int J Advanced Materials Research. 498 | Pages: | 213-218 |
| Editorial: | Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.498.213 | ||
| Authors: | Ana I. Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis N. López de Lacalle; Gorka Urbicain | ||
| Abstract: | Behavior of austenitic stainless steels is not well known and these materials are still considered as difficult to machining materials. Moreover, the continuous increment of cutting speeds and other cutting parameters derived from last technological advances in tool material makes it more difficult to understand the behavior of these materials in high performance machining. A mechanistic model is presented in this paper for cutting force prediction of austenitic stainless steels turned at very high cutting speeds (up to 750 m/min). The developed model allows the estimation of cutting forces in turning when the cutting action occurs on the side cutting edge and nose radius edge for general turning tools. A tool-part geometrical model is proposed and the cutting force coefficients have been calculated by means of characterization tests | ||
| Journal: | Int J Advanced Materials Research. 498 | Pages: | 1-6 |
| Editorial: | Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.498.1 | ||
| Authors: | Patricia Morala Argüello; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez | ||
| Abstract: | This paper presents a multiresolution method based on the processing of surface images for unmanned visual quality inspection and surface roughness discrimination in turning. Sixteen machining tests were carried out using a constant depth of cut at 1.5 mm and different values for feed rate, in particular 0.15, 0.25, 0.4, and 0.5 mm/rev; cutting speed values were 250, 280, 320, and 350 m/min. With these cutting parameters, the roughness average values achieved covered a significant range between 0.8–14 μm. The methodology proposed is based on the extraction of texture features from part surface images in the frequency domain using wavelet transform. In particular, one-level Haar wavelet transform is applied to the original surface images obtaining four sub-images: a smooth sub-image, a horizontal detail sub-image, a vertical detail sub-image, and a diagonal detail sub-image. These images are used for the extraction of features. Surface evaluation was accomplished by means of the analysis of gray levels in the vertical detail sub-image. Finally, a texture classification was performed by a multilayer Perceptron artificial neural network. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves error rates between 2.59% and 4.17%. | ||
| Journal: | Int J Advanced Manufacturing and Technology. 59. | Pages: | 213 - 220 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00170-011-3480-6 | ||
| Authors: | Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle; G. Urbicain; I. Paradela | ||
| Abstract: | Although the turning process has been widely studied and is well-known, some limitations exist in the processing of certain materials due to an absence of their characterization. Such is the case of austenitic stainless steels, which in spite of being materials of great economic and technological value, their behavior in machining is still not well understood in some aspects. In industry there is not enough reliable and up-to-date technological data about austenitic stainless steels, especially when considering the state of the art in technology development where cutting speeds are higher and higher. In this paper a mechanistic model for cutting force prediction is developed; expressions for the specific coefficients of cutting are determined that characterize the behavior of austenitic stainless steels turning at high cutting speeds using coating tungsten carbide tools. | ||
| Journal: | AIP Conf. Proc.1431 | Pages: | 518 - 525 |
| Editorial: | American Institute of Physics | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.1063/1.4707604 | ||
| Authors: | Patricia Morala Argüello; Joaquín Barreiro García; Enrique Alegre Gutiérrez; Maite García Ordás; Oscar García Olalla | ||
| Abstract: | Nowadays the evaluation of surface quality of manufactured products continues being a very important task for the industry. One of the lines of research associated to this subject tries to predict the surface roughness using signal analysis, such as vibrations, in the machining process. Many researchers have proposed models for determining the roughness based on the cutting conditions or the cutting forces. As the surface roughness depends on many variables, in this work different statistical values of cutting forces, tool vibration values and machining conditions are considered together for predicting surface roughness of turned metallic parts using artificial neural networks. We have notice the best predictions have been obtained when force and cutting conditions were combined together. The absolute error values obtained have been always below to 1.28 and 1.11 μm when using the median and root mean square (RMS) as descriptors, respectively. | ||
| Journal: | AIP Conf. Proc.1431 | Pages: | 510-517 |
| Editorial: | American Institute of Physics | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.1063/1.4707603 | ||
| Authors: | Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta Gonález; Braulio L. Álvarez Álvarez; Daniel González Madruga | ||
| Abstract: | This paper is focused on the task of elicitation and structuring of knowledge related to selection of inspection resources. The final goal is to obtain an informal model of knowledge oriented to the inspection planning in coordinate measuring machines. In the first tasks, where knowledge is captured, it is necessary to use tools that make easier the analysis and structuring of knowledge, so that rules of selection can be easily stated to configure the inspection resources. In order to store the knowledge a so-called Onto-Process ontology has been developed. This ontology may be of application to diverse processes in manufacturing engineering. This paper describes the decomposition of the ontology in terms of general units of knowledge and others more specific for selection of sensor assemblies in inspection planning with touch sensors | ||
| Journal: | AIP Conf. Proc.1431 | Pages: | 250 - 257 |
| Editorial: | American Institute of Physics | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.1063/1.4707572 | ||
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio J. Álvarez Álvarez; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Daniel González Madruga. | ||
| Abstract: | Coordinate Measuring Arms (PCMAs or CMAs), despite using three-dimensional measurement techniques conceptually similar to the CMMs, are still manual measuring instruments for contact and their reliability requires an analysis of the most significant parameters of influence. In this work two types of tests were performed: in first place measurements of gauge blocks and ring gauges were made using the same CMA by several inspectors, thus simulating a study of repeatability and reproducibility (r&R). Based on preliminary results, a new study was carried out with more geometric features, over a “feature’s master part” designed accordingly, and comparing the results with the measurements obtained in a CMM with traceability. This comparison has proven that measurement results are influenced not only by the operator (number and distribution of points, contact force, etc.) but also by the measured feature type and the probe type, thus by the CMA feasibility for measurement. | ||
| Journal: | AIP Conf. Proc.1431 | Pages: | 217 - 224 |
| Editorial: | American Institute of Physics | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.1063/1.4707568 | ||
| Authors: | Daniel González Madruga; Eduardo Cuesta González; Joaquín Barreiro García; Ana Isabel Fernández Abia. | ||
| Abstract: | A study of the operator contact force influence on the performance of Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMMs) is presented in this paper. After developing a sensor capable of measuring the contact force applied by an operator, a ring gauge has been used to analyse the relationship between the contact force and diameter and form errors measured with the AACMM. As a result, contact force has been proved as one of the main factors influencing the AACMM performance. A probe deflection model based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) has been also proposed in order to obtain the AACMM probe deflection caused by contact force. This allows measurement correction by comparing them with reference values, specifically, a ring gauge. Experimental test results show a significant measurement improvement that minimizes diameter error. Finally, an uncertainty evaluation for the contact force sensor and AACMM measurements with and without probe deflection model has been carried out in order to validate the ability of the sensor and the methodology followed. | ||
| Journal: | Sensors, 13. | Pages: | 10430 - 10448 |
| Editorial: | mdpi | Date: | |
| Impact: | WOS (JCR) | ||
| DOI: | 10.3390/s130810430 | ||
| Authors: | Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle | ||
| Abstract: | Turning has been widely studied and documented. However, limitations still remain due to the absence of reliable information about certain materials. Such is the case for austenitic stainless steels. Despite the fact that these materials are of great economic and technological signifi cance, a lack of knowledge still exists about their behavior when machining. Nevertheless, stainless steels are one of the most widely used groups of materials, representing 10 per cent of the world’s steel production, and austenitic steels comprise 70 per cent of all stainless steels. Characteristics that have a direct effect on the machining of these steels are analyzed here: the effects of the addition of different components on machinability, the effects that cutting parameters have over some thermomechanical properties by means of simulation tests, and the effects of cutting speed on tool wear, superfi cial quality, cutting forces and chip formation. These effects are studied for one of the most widely used austenitic stainless steels, AISI303, using both conventional (Vc < 350 m/min) and very high (up to 870 m/min) cutting speeds. Our final objective was to determine the behavior of austenitic steels under high-performance machining, with direct application to optimizing production processes. | ||
| Journal: | Libro Series: Woodhead Publishing Reviews: Mechanical Engineering | Pages: | 29-90 |
| Editorial: | Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge | Date: | |
| DOI: | ISBN 978-0-85709-154-3 | ||
| Authors: | Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Susana Martínez Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro García; Daniel González Madruga | ||
| Abstract: | A methodology for seminars developing in manufacturing engineering is presented. Often, when planning similar seminars, it is noted that seminars have a very limited duration. A normal way to overcome this limitation is to prepare the seminar educational documents, at students’ disposal, before the seminar date. In this point, ICT tools used for virtual teaching, like eXe-Learning, become a significant advancement. However, in this paper is not only considered the elaboration of seminar materials for students, but also a whole educational strategy for seminars developing in manufacturing engineering is stated. | ||
| Journal: | Materials Science Forum Vol. 759 | Pages: | 113-119 |
| Editorial: | Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.759.113 | ||
| Authors: | Daniel González Madruga; Eduardo Cuesta González; H. Patiño; Joaquín Barreiro García; Susana Martínez Pellitero | ||
| Abstract: | Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMMs) require a fast and reliable evaluation methodology and gauge at reduced cost. In this work, a gauge with virtual circles is presented and a study of its reliability is carried out. The studied parameters include the center error and the standard deviation of the center, diameter and distance. Two metrological laboratories have participated in the work and evaluation tests were performed independently with their own AACMMs but using the same methodology and equivalent gauges. The two AACMMs have a similar kinematic model and range but different accuracy according to manufacturer specifications. In a complementary test, two distances, 500 and 920 mm approximately, have been measured and analyzed in order to determine their suitability. Results have proved such gauge as a way for AACMM evaluation and distance is not a clear significance except for work volume evaluated. | ||
| Journal: | Procedia Engineering, 63 | Pages: | 243-251 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.188 | ||
| Authors: | Ana Isabel Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; F. Fernández Larrinoa; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle; A. Fernández Valdivieso; Octavio Pereira Neto | ||
| Abstract: | The market of turning tools is coped majority by hard metal tools with CVD coating. However, availability of tools with sharp cutting edges is essential in light turning of small parts. In this context, PVD process is optimum for obtaining sharp edges. Therefore, a methodology is presented to evaluate the performance of PVD advanced tools for turning of difficult to machine materials. Four coatings were tested: AlTiSiN (nACo®), AlCrSiN (nACRo®), AlTiN and TiAlCrN. The analysis was developed carrying out wear tests and analyzing different signals such as cutting forces, EDX analysis of inserts, part roughness and insert image analysis. Results indicate that the best coatings for turning of difficult to machine materials as austenitic stainless steels are nACo® and AlTiN coatings, since they offer the best performance. Several factors demonstrate it: better tool flank wear evolution, less tangential cutting force or lower part roughness. | ||
| Journal: | Procedia Engineering. 63 | Pages: | 133-141 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.241 | ||
| Authors: | S. Martínez-Pellitero, E. Cuesta, J. Barreiro, H. Patiño, B.J. Álvarez | ||
| Abstract: | This work deals with the development of a KBE model oriented to part inspection processes using coordinate measuring arms equipped with contact probes. Specifically this work describes some of the techniques, decision rules and algorithms that have been developed as a result of various research projects (focused on calibration and verification of CMAs) and actual field trials conducted over the past 3 years. The ultimate objective of the developed model is the chance of use it as an intelligent assistant, at least in a semi-automatic way, to the inspection of any part and / or geometry assuring the reliability of measurements. Thus, crucial decisions (number of points, point location, CMA location, part clamping, etc.) may be made depending not only on the type of tolerance to inspect, inspection time and required accuracy but also depending on production specifications and available resources. | ||
| Journal: | International Conference on Innovative Technologies, IN‐TECH 2014. Leiria | Pages: | |
| Editorial: | Date: | 10-12/09/2014 | |
| Authors: | Héctor Patiño; Daniel González Madruga; Eduardo Cuesta González; Braulio Álvarez Álvarez; Joaquín Barreiro García. | ||
| Abstract: | Coordinate Measuring Arms (AACMMs or CMAs) made up their own type of dimensional measurement machines due to their unique characteristics: structural redundancy, portability and manual control. Therefore, specific evaluation methodologies have been developed in order to guarantee their measurement reliability and traceability. Despite the fact that some AACMM evaluation parameters and test have been defined, current methodologies are based on CMM previous experience and they have to be adapted to AACMM characteristics. Virtual features, made of kinematic seats, have been proved as a singular and useful feature for AACMM measurement as well as a suitable method for a fast and low cost evaluation. In order to simplify these features and processes the required input for evaluation has been reduced to 3 points or kinematic seats, which define a virtual circle. This work studies the suitability of these virtual features at the same time that reduces the evaluation time and gauge cost. | ||
| Journal: | Procedia Engineering. Vol. 69 | Pages: | 433 - 441 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 03/2014 |
| Impact: | WOS | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.03.009 | ||
| Authors: | Daniel González Madruga; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González; Beatriz González; Susana Martínez Pellitero. | ||
| Abstract: | Articulated Arms Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMMs) have spread out in the manufacturing industry thanks to their flexibility and reduced cost. Nevertheless, their performance has been barely studied unlike traditional coordinate measuring machines. Therefore, a lack of traceability and reliability have been found AACMM field. AACMM performance is affected by many factors which are partially studied and compensated. Among them, human factor is one of the main factors with a significant impact on AACMM performance, however it is not considered in current evaluation or calibration methodologies. In this work, a new methodology is presented in order to calculate operator contribution to AACMM errors. Furthermore, operator behavior changes according to the measured feature and type of tolerance. For this reason, a features-based gauge capable of materialize a wide range of tolerances types has been designed and built for using with this methodology. Test results provide with a reasonable basis for performing both operator and AACMM qualification. | ||
| Journal: | Procedia Engineering. Vol. 69. | Pages: | 442 - 448 |
| Editorial: | Elsevier | Date: | 03/2014 |
| Impact: | WOS | ||
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.03.010 | ||
| Authors: | Daniel González Madruga; Joaquín Barreiro García; Eduardo Cuesta González; Susana Martínez Pellitero. | ||
| Abstract: | One of the main principles of metrology, when talking about instrument calibration, concern to the idea of reproducing the actual measurement process during calibration (same instrument handling, environment, measurement parameters, etc.) in order to obtain suitable information. In spite of that, this principle is being currently neglected in Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machine (AACMM) evaluation and/or calibration procedures. These procedures are carried out in manufacturer facilities under unknown conditions and measurement parameters instead of “in-situ” procedures with similar measurement parameters. Thereby, reported accuracy has little to do with AACMM common use and, therefore, with its reliability. This work presents a new evaluation methodology for both AACMM and operator performance. To do so, a survey of main measurement parameters (operator, contact force, type of feature) is carried out by mean of contact force sensor on the AACMM probe and geometric gauges. ANOVA have been used for the study of these parameters and its impact on AACMM performance. Additionally, a new evaluation methodology capable of quantifying AACMM, operator and its measuring technique contribution to measurement uncertainty has been developed. It is supported by a feature-base gauge that has been specifically designed for this task. | ||
| Journal: | Intl. Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing. Vol. 15 - 7. | Pages: | 1283 - 1291 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag London | Date: | 03/03/2014. |
| Impact: | JCR | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s12541-014-0468-9 | ||
| Authors: | Eduardo Cuesta González; Daniel González Madruga; Braulio Álvarez Álvarez; Joaquín Barreiro García. | ||
| Abstract: | Articulated arm coordinate measuring machines (AACMM or CMA) have conquered a market share in the actual dimensional metrology field, overall when their role implies the inspection of geometrical and dimensional tolerances in an accurate 3D environment for medium-size parts. However, the unavoidable fact of AACMM manual operation constrains its reliability to a great extent, avoiding rigorous evaluation and casting doubt upon the usefulness of external calibration. In this research, a dimensional gauge especially aimed at AACMM evaluation has been developed. Furthermore, the operator skill will be revealed through the use of this gauge. A set of geometrical features, some of them oriented to evaluate the operator and others the equipment, have been collected for the gauge. The proposed evaluation methodology clearly distinguishes between dimensional and geometrical tolerances (with or without datum references), whereas actual verification standards only consider the former. Next, quality indicators deduced from the measurement results are proposed in order to compare AACMM versus coordinate measuring machine (CMM) performance, assuming that CMM possess the maximum accuracy that AACMM could reach, because CMM combines maximum contact accuracy with minimum operator influence. As a result, AACMM evaluation time could be significantly reduced since this gauge allows us to perform a customized evaluation of only those specific tolerances of interest to the user. | ||
| Journal: | Measurement Science and Technology. Vol. 25. | Pages: | 1-15 |
| Editorial: | IOP Publishing Ltd | Date: | 12/05/2014. |
| Impact: | JCR | ||
| DOI: | 10.1088/0957-0233/25/6/065004 | ||
| Authors: | Ana I. Fernández Abia; Joaquín Barreiro García; Luis Norberto López de Lacalle; Daniel González Madruga. | ||
| Abstract: | As a consequence of the lack of characterization of advanced physical vapour deposition (PVD) coatings in the scope of turning, a methodology is presented to evaluate the performance of nanostructured coated tools in the scope of difficult to machine materials turning in particular are austenitic stainless steels. A main aspect of this research is the evaluation of different mechanical pre-treatments before PVD coating in cutting tools. In a first stage, four advanced PVD coatings were analyzed prior to studying the effect of pre-treatments. This stage allowed to identify the nanostructured AlTiSiN coating, commercial denomination nACo, as the one with the best performance for turning austenitic stainless steel. Once the best coating is identified in a second stage, the influence of drag-grinding and microblasting mechanical substrate pre-treatments was analyzed with regard to the performance of coated tools. Several aspects were considered: geometric modification of cutting edge, coating adhesion, substrate roughness and machining performance. The performance of the mentioned coatings was evaluated through wear tests. The machined material was AISI 304L andmachining operation was cylindrical turning. Each test started up using a new edge. Results showed that drag-grinding pre-treatment leads to improved coating adhesion and, therefore, in the performance of the tool. Therefore, combination of nACo coating with drag-grinding pre-treatment offers a good solution for difficult to machine metals. | ||
| Journal: | Intl. J. of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Vol. 73. | Pages: | 1119 - 1132 |
| Editorial: | Springer-Verlag London | Date: | 13/05/2014 |
| Impact: | JCR | ||
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00170-014-5844-1 | ||
| Authors: | Daniel González-Madruga; Eduardo Cuesta; Héctor Patiño; Susana Martínez-Pellitero; Joaquín Barreiro | ||
| Abstract: | Portable Measuring Arms or Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines (AACMMs) unique characteristics bring flexibility to the inspection task and allow outside laboratory measurements. However, still a few works study their metrological behavior, uncertainty or assessment. In fact, AACMM assessment involves time consuming and expensive processes mainly inherited from CMM field. A virtual circle gauge similar to ball bars and a methodology based on international standards are proposed in order to simplify the evaluation test. Additionally, two metrological laboratories have evaluated different AACMM models with this gauge. Also, two gauge lengths (distance between circles) have be included in this study. Results have proved that virtual circle gauges are suitable to evaluate AACMMs and tested the influence of distance between virtual circles. | ||
| Journal: | Key Engineering Materials, Vol. 615 | Pages: | 70-75 |
| Editorial: | Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland | Date: | 30/06/2014 |
| Impact: | WOS | ||
| DOI: | http://www.scientific.net/KEM.615.70 | ||
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